Speech Anatomy Exam 1

Skeletal structure (ribs)

12 ribs, give roundness to breathing apparatus, most connect to sternum through costal cartilage, lowest two pairs “float”

Pectoral Girdle

Clavicle and Scapulae

Pelvic Girdle

Ilium (coxal/hip bone), sacrum, coccyx

How many vertebrae are there

34

Cervical Vertebrae

7, in the neck

Thoracic Vertebrae

12, in the chest

Lumbar Vertebrae

5

Sacral Vertebrae

5

Coccygeal Vertebrae

5

Breathing Apparatus

Chest Wall + Pulmonary Apparatus

What makes up the chest wall

rib cage wall, abdominal wall, diaphragm, abdominal content

What makes up the rib cage wall

Thoracic vertebrae, ribs, costal cartilage, sternum, pectoral girdle

What makes up the abdominal wall

lumbar, sacral, coccygeal vertebrae. pelvic girdle, connective tissue, large muscles

Sternocleidomastoid

elevates sternum, clavicle, and ribs

Scalenus Anterior

elevates first rib

Scalenus Medius

Elevates first rib

Scalenus Posterior

Elevates 2nd rib

Pectoralis Major

Pulls Sternum and ribs up

Pectoralis Minor

Elevates 2nd-5th ribs

Subclavius

Elevates first rib

Serratus Anterior

Elevates upper ribs

External intercostals

Each elevates the rib immediately below the one it is attached to

Internal Intercostals (Interosseus portion)

depresses ribs and stiffens space between them

Internal Intercostals (Intercartilagenous portion)

elevates ribs

Transversus Thoracis

Depresses 2nd - 6th ribs

Latissimus Dorsi

Compresses the lower portion of the rib cage (can elevate lower ribs when humerus is fixed)

Serratus Posterior Superior

Elevates 2nd - 5th ribs

Serratus Posterior Inferior

depresses lower four ribs

Lateral Iliocostalis (cervicis)

elevation of 3-6th ribs

Lateral Iliocostalis (thoracis)

stabilizes large muscle segments of the back of the rib cage wall and makes them move with the rib elevation/depression

Lateral Iliocostalis (lumborum)

depression of lower 6 ribs

Levatores Costarum

lifts individual ribs or elevates whole rib cage

Quadratus Lumborum

pulls down on lowest rib

Subcostal Muscles

pulls down on ribs they are attached to

Diaphragm

primary driver of inspiration

Rectus Abdominus

Pulls lower ribs and sternum down. Forces front of abdominal wall inward

External Oblique

Pulls lower ribs down. Forces front and side of abdominal wall inward

Internal Oblique

pulls lower ribs down. forces front and side of abdominal wall inward

Transversus Abdominus

Pulls front and side of abdominal wall inward

Joint types in the rib cage wall

•Costosternal joints

•Costovertebral joints

Tidal Volume

Volume of air inspired or expired during the breathing cycle

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

Maximum volume of air that can be inspired from the tidal end-inspiratory level

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

Maximum volume of air that can be expired from the tidal end-expiratory level

Residual Volume

Volume of air remaining at the end of a maximum expiration

Lung inspiratory capacities

the maximum volume of air that can be inspired from the resting end-expiratory level

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

Maximum volume of air that can be inspired from the tidal-end inspiratory level

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

maximum volume of air that can be expired from the tidal end-expiratory level

Residual volume

the volume of air remaining at the end of a maximum expiration

Vital Capacity

maximum volume of air that can be expired after max inspiration or vice versa

Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)

Amount of air in the pulmonary apparatus

Total Lung capacity

volume of air in the pulmonary apparatus after a maximum inspiration

Inspiratory capacity made from

TV + IRV

Vital capacity made from

IC + ERV

Functional residual capacity made from

ERV + RV

Total Lung capacity made from

VC + RV

Cranial Nerves involved in breathing

IX (glossopharyngeal), X (Vagus), XII (Hypoglossal), and XI (Accessory)

Which cranial nerves elevate the rib cage?

XI (Accessory)

Which cranial nerves dilate the larynx and stiffen the upper airway?

IX (glossopharyngeal), X (Vagus), and XII (Hypoglossal)

Spinal Nerves through the rib cage wall

C1-L2

Spinal nerves through the diaphragm

C3-C5

Spinal nerves through the abdominal wall

T7-L1

Medulla

Controls tidal breathing

Chemoreceptors location

Front and side of the medulla (central) and common carotid arteries (perioheral)

Mechanoreceptors location

chest wall (muscle length), and pulmonary apparatus (muscle smoothness)

Controls special acts of breathing

Higher brain centers

Tidal Breathing purpose

ventilation and gas exchange

Forms of speech breathing

extended steady utterances and running speech

extended steady utterances

deepest inspiration until moveable air is gone

Checking action

causes a slower release of air

extended steady utterance

changes muscle activities to maintain pressure

Running speech

uses twice the resting Tidal Volume. Fast inspirations, slow expirations

High drive to breathe

breathy speech; fewer syllables per breath; increased air-flow; larger tidal lung, rib cage, and abdominal wall volume

Larynx functions

airway protection, phonation

parts of the larynx

skeleton, laryngeal joints, internal topography

Thyroid cartilage

largest laryngeal cartilage, composed of two plates (thyroid laminae)

Cricoid Cartilage

beneath thyroid cartilage, ring shaped, 4 facets for thyroid cartilage and arytenoids

Arytenoid Cartilages

2 pyramid structures, on top of the posterior lamina of cricoid

epiglottis

leaf-shaped cartilage beneath the hyoid bone and root of tongue

Hyoid bone

NOT part of larynx. free floating, positioned horizontally in the neck above larynx

Cricothyroid joints

Laryngeal joints. restrict movement of the cricoid and thyroid cartilages.

cricoarytenoid joints

on top of cricoid cartilage. Two ligaments bind and restrict movement of the joint. joint rocks and slides.

Laryngeal vestibule upper region

laryngeal aditus. made of arytenoid cartilages, side of epiglottis, and aryepiglottic folds (run between the arytenoid cartilages and the epiglottis)

Laryngeal vestibule middle region

ventricular folds

Laryngeal vestibule lower region

vocal folds and cricoid cartilage

Vocal fold layer 1

squamous epithelium - determines outer shape of the vocal fold

Vocal fold layer 2 (superficial layer of lamina propria)

loose fibrous matrix

Vocal fold layer 3 (intermediate layer of lamina propria)

elastic fibers

Vocal fold layer 4 (deep layer of lamina propria)

collagen fibers

Vocal fold layer 5 (innermost)

muscle fibers - make up the bulk of the vocal folds

Membranous glottis

front 60% of the glottis

cartilaginous glottis represents the ____ _____ of the glottis

back 40%

ventricular folds

false folds. lie above vocal folds

laryngeal ventricles

sinus between the ventricular folds and the vocal folds

Conus elasticus (cricothyroid ligament)

intrinsic ligament

Middle cricothyroid ligament

intrinsic ligament

Vocal ligaments

intrinsic ligament

Thyroepiglottic ligament

intrinsic ligament

ventricular ligaments

intrinsic ligament

lateral cricothyroid membranes

intrinsic ligament

quadrangular membrane

intrinsic ligament