APUSH: Period 2

Mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

Salutary Neglect

an English policy of relaxing the enforcement of regulations in its colonies in return for the colonies' continued economic loyalty

Chesapeake

The region of Virginia and Maryland. In contrast to New England, this region was distinguished by indentured servants, cash crops, and African slavery.

New England

a region of northeastern United States comprising Maine and New Hampshire and Vermont and Massachusetts and Rhode Island and Connecticut

Southern Colonies

Made money by having slaves grow cash crops on plantations due to rich soil and warm climate.

compact

an agreement, or contract, among a group of people

Indentured Servants

Colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years

King Philip's War

1675. longest and bloodiest conflict between settlers and natives in 17th century, native Wampanoags under King Phillip ( Indian Chieftain) resisted England encroachment on their land, they killed many settlers in Mass, English joined with Mohawks to defeat them

James Oglethorpe

Founder and governor of the Georgia colony. He ran a tightly-disciplined, military-like colony. Slaves, alcohol, and Catholicism were forbidden in his colony. Many colonists felt that Oglethorpe was a dictator, and that (along with the colonist's dissatisfaction over not being allowed to own slaves) caused the colony to break down and Oglethorpe to lose his position as governor.

Jamestown

First permanent English settlement in North America

John Smith

Helped found and govern Jamestown. His leadership and strict discipline helped the Virginia colony get through the difficult first winter.

John Winthrop

As governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, Winthrop (1588-1649) was instrumental in forming the colony's government and shaping its legislative policy. He envisioned the colony, centered in present-day Boston, as a "city upon a hill" from which Puritans would spread religious righteousness throughout the world.

John Peter Zenger

Journalist who questioned the policies of the governor of New York in the 1700's. He was jailed; he sued, and this court case was the basis for our freedom of speech and press. He was found not guilty.

Bacon's Rebellion

1676 - Nathaniel Bacon and other western Virginia settlers were angry at Virginia Governor Berkley for trying to appease the Doeg Indians after the Doegs attacked the western settlements. The frontiersmen formed an army, with Bacon as its leader, which defeated the Indians and then marched on Jamestown and burned the city. The rebellion ended suddenly when Bacon died of an illness.

Roger Williams

He founded Rhode Island for separation of Church and State. He believed that the Puritans were too powerful and was ordered to leave the Massachusetts Bay Colony for his religious beliefs.

Stono Rebellion

The most serious slave rebellion in the the colonial period which occurred in 1739 in South Carolina. 100 African Americans rose up, got weapons and killed several whites then tried to escape to S. Florida. The uprising was crushed and the participants executed. The main form of rebellion was running away, though there was no where to go.

Pueblo Revolt

Native American revolt against the Spanish in late 17th century; expelled the Spanish for over 10 years; Spain began to take an accommodating approach to Natives after the revolt

Popé of San Juan Pueblo

led an all-Indian revolt in 1680 against the Spanish invaders in what is now the southwestern United States, driving them out of Santa Fe and temporarily restoring the old Pueblo way of life.

William Penn

A Quaker that founded Pennsylvania to establish a place where his people and others could live in peace and be free from persecution.

William Berkeley

A Governor of Virginia, appointed by King Charles I, of whom he was a favorite. He was governor from 1641-1652 and 1660-1677. Berkeley enacted friendly policies towards the Indians that led to Bacon's Rebellion in 1676.

Royal Colony

A colony under the direct control of a monarch

Join-stock colony

colony controlled by a business (Jamestown controlled by the London company)

Proprietary Colony

colony run by individuals or groups to whom land was granted

Enlightenment

a movement that emphasized science and reason as guides to help see the world more clearly

Wampanoags (Pokanokets)

tribe whose chief, Metacom, known to the colonies as King Phillip, united many tribes in southern New England against the English settlers

Quakers

English dissenters who broke from Church of England, preached a doctrine of pacifisms, inner divinity, and social equity, under William Penn they founded Pennsylvania

Town Meetings in New England

Many towns relied upon a New England style of town meetings in which all white, land holding men were allowed to participate in citizen-participation direct democracy.

Virginia House of Burgesses

The first representative assembly in the new world. Created due to distance between Great Britain and the colonies.

Anglo-Powhatan Wars

First war fought in 1614, ended with peace settlement by the marriage of Pocahontas to John Rolfe. In 1622 the Indians attack leaving 347 settlers dead including John Rolfe. Raids drove the Indians farther west. The second war was fought in 1644, was a last ditch effort to dislodge the Virginians, the Indians were again defeated.

Barbados Slave Code

First formal statute governing the treatment of slaves, which provided for harsh punishments against offending slaves but lacked penalties for the mistreatment of slaves by masters. Similar statutes were adopted by Southern plantation societies on the North American mainland in the 17th and 18th centuries.

William Bradford

A Pilgrim, the second governor of the Plymouth colony, 1621-1657. He developed private land ownership and helped colonists get out of debt. He helped the colony survive droughts, crop failures, and Indian attacks.

Pequot War

1637 The Bay colonists wanted to claim Connecticut for themselves but it belonged to the Pequot. The colonists burned down their village and 400 were killed.

Robert de La Salle

Frenchman who followed the Mississippi River all the way to the Gulf of Mexico, claiming the region for France and naming it Louisiana in honor of King Louis XIV

Peter Minuit

is credited with purchasing the island of Manhattan from the Native Americans in exchange for traded goods valued at 60 guilders. (about $1000)

Toleration Act of 1649

A Maryland law that made restricting the religious rights of Christians a crime; the first law guaranteeing religious freedom to be passed in America

Thomas Hooker

A Puritan minister who led about 100 settlers out of Massachusetts Bay to Connecticut because he believed that the governor and other officials had too much power. He wanted to set up a colony in Connecticut with strict limits on government.

Blue Laws

laws designed to restrict personal behavior in accord with a strict code of morality

Old Lights

Conservative clergymen who were against the emotional approach of the Great Awakening

Headright System

Headrights were parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres which were given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. They were used by the Virginia Company to attract more colonists.

Navigation Acts

Laws that governed trade between England and its colonies. Colonists were required to ship certain products exclusively to England. These acts made colonists very angry because they were forbidden from trading with other countries.

Widowarchy

High mortality among husbands and fathers left many women in the Chesapeake colonies with unusual autonomy and wealth

Anne Hutchinson

A Puritan woman who was well learned that disagreed with the Puritan Church in Massachusetts Bay Colony. Her actions resulted in her banishment from the colony, and later took part in the formation of Rhode Island. She displayed the importance of questioning authority.

Peter Stuyvesant

A Dutch General; He led a small military expedition in 1664. He was known as "Father Wooden Leg". Lost the New Netherlands to the English. He was governor of New Netherlands

Great (Puritan) Migration

The Great Migration began when religious sects, primarily the Puritans, undertook the 3000 mile sea voyage and migrated to the New World in search of religious freedom. The Puritans believed that they would be able to establish a pure church in the colonies

Salem Witchcraft Trials

trials in Salem Massachusetts in 1691, that led to the deaths of twenty people after young girls charged people with practicing witchcraft.

Dutch Colonies

These colonies emphasized trade and cooperation with native peoples in order to expand trade; the British eventually conquered their colonies on the American mainland

English Colonies

In the East coast of the U.S. Jamestown, Virginia was the first settlement. Colonies were a safe haven for religious persecution.

Spanish colonies in Americas

goal was to obtain gold, then plantations using slave labor in sugarcane; brutal towards native tribes and enslavement; often converted natives by force to Christianity

French Colonies

found in the Great Lakes region, traded fur with the Native Americans, got along well with the Natives

Puritan work ethic

The belief is that work is a gift from God and a way to glorify Him. Dedicated workers are closer to God. Lazy workers are full of sin.

Mayflower Compact

1620 - The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony.

Pure Democracy

All citizens have a say in all the issues pertaining to their community.

Salutatory Neglect

A hands-off policy of England toward its American colonies during the first half of the 1700's. Did not enforce the Navigation Acts.

Wampanoag

a member of the Algonquian people of Rhode Island and Massachusetts who greeted the Pilgrims

Pilgrims

Group of English Protestant dissenters who established Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts in 1620 to seek religious freedom after having lived briefly in the Netherlands.

Metacomet

Native American also known as Prince Phillip who fought against European settlers

New Lights

Ministers who took part in the revivalist, emotive religious tradition pioneered by George Whitefield and Johnathan Edwards during the Great Awakening.

piety

devotion and reverence to God

Johnathan Edwards

An American theologian and congregational clergyman whose sermons stirred the religious revival (Great Awakening); known for sinners in the hands of an angry god sermon.

George Whitfield

Great "field" preacher during the Great Awakening

Anglicanism

A Protestant denomination of the Christian faith founded by Henry VIII in England

"City on a Hill," 1630

A Biblical phrase from the New Testament of the Bible used by Puritan leader John Winthrop to articulate his vision for the Puritans' Massachusetts settlement. Winthrop wanted the emigrants to found an exemplary Christian community, a "city on a hill"- that would serve as a beacon for the Church of England, which they sought to reform from within.

William Tucker

the first person of African ancestry born in the 13 British Colonies.

Anthony Johnson

An African, in America, who gained his freedom in the 1650's, acquired land and servants, eventually attaining legal ownership "for life" over a Black man named John Casor

John Casor

a man enslaved in the Virginia Colony—sued for his freedom. He argued that he was an indentured servant who had been forced by his enslaver, Anthony Johnson, to serve past his term. On March 8, 1655, the court ruled against him, and, declared him enslaved for life, and ordered him to return to Johnson.

Africans in Virginia Landed in 1619

a Turning Point for Slavery in American History

Glorious Revolution

A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange.

Black Legend

Concept that Spanish conquerors merely tortured and murdered Indians, stole gold and infected them with smallpox, leaving nothing of benefit

Salem Witch Trials

Several accusations of witchcraft led to sensational trials in Salem, Massachusetts at which Cotton Mather presided as the chief judge. 18 people were hanged as witches. Afterwards, most of the people involved admitted that the trials and executions had been a terrible mistake.

Cotton Mather

minister, part of Puritan New England important families, a scholar, one of first Americans to promote vaccination of smallpox when it was believed to be dangerous, strongly believed on witches, encouraged witch trials in Salem

Lord Baltimore (George Calvert)

He was a prominent English Catholic who was seeking a haven for other Catholics. In 1632, he received the land grant first promised to his father. He made Maryland into a haven for all Christians.

Dominion of New England

1686 - The British government combined the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut into a single province headed by a royal governor (Andros). The Dominion ended in 1692, when the colonists revolted and drove out Governor Andros.

Harvard

The oldest college in America, which reflected Puritan commitment to an educated ministry

Separatists/Pilgrims

These religious dissenters of the Church of England believed it could not be reformed and thus wanted to organize a completely separate church independent of royal control that did not have Catholic influences. They fled to America and settled in Plymouth.

Non-Separatists

Puritans who wanted to reform the church from within instead of splitting from the Anglican Church.

Pochahontas

Chief Powhatan daughter who married John Rolfe ending the first Powhatan wars.

"backcountry farmers"

consisted mostly of poor farming settlers whose income and resources were dependent on the yield of their crops.