nutrition chapter 14 energy balance

What is energy balance in nutrition?

relationship between the energy intake and the energy expended

What happens when there is an energy imbalance in nutrition?

weight gain or weight loss

What is positive energy balance in nutrition?

when energy intake is greater than energy expenditure, resulting in weight gain.

What are some causes of positive energy balance in nutrition?

increase in muscle mass, an increase in adipose tissue, or periods of growth such as pregnancy, childhood, and adolescence.

What is negative energy balance in nutrition?

occurs when energy expenditure is greater than energy intake, resulting in weight loss.

What are some causes of negative energy balance in nutrition?

reducing food intake, increasing energy expenditure through exercise, or a combination of both.

What is weight loss in nutrition?

decrease in body weight due to a decrease in body fat, muscle mass, glycogen, or water.

How are kilocalories of food determined?

Bomb calorimeter + nutrition analysis software/ food composition tables

What are some factors that affect the amount of energy needed throughout the day in nutrition?

basal metabolism, the thermic effect of food, the thermic effect of exercise

What is basal metabolism in nutrition?

amount of energy the body needs to maintain basic functions at rest, such as breathing, circulation, and cell maintenance.

What is the thermic effect of food (TEF) in nutrition?

energy that the body expends to digest, absorb, and metabolize food.

What is the thermic effect of exercise (TEE) in nutrition?

energy that the body expends during physical activity.

What is total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) in nutrition?

Total kcal needed to meet daily energy requirements

Factors that influence BMR

Lots of factors

• Lean body mass

• Age

• Gender

• Body size

• Genes

• Emotional and physical stress

• Thyroid hormone levels

• Nutritional state

• Caffeine and nicotine intake

What do we measure since BMR is difficult to measure?

Resting metabolic rate (RMR) is often used

What is the percentage of kilocalories that are used for the thermic effect of food (TEF)?

10%

How is the thermic effect of food (TEF) affected by the composition of a meal in nutrition?

higher for meals that are high in protein compared to those that are high in carbohydrates or fat.

What are some factors that influence the thermic effect of food (TEF) in nutrition?-

• Type of nutrients consumed

• composition of a meal

• alcohol intake, age

• athletic training status

What are some factors that affect the amount of kilocalories needed for the thermic effect of exercise (TEE) in nutrition?

• type of activity performed

• duration of activity

• body weight/composition

What is non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT) in nutrition?

energy expended from activities that are not considered exercise, such as fidgeting, standing, and walking.

What is adaptive thermogenesis in nutrition?

body's regulation of heat production in response to environmental changes such as stress, temperature, or diet.

How does adaptive thermogenesis in nutrition affect metabolism?

can result in a change in metabolism

Some researchers think that adaptive thermogenesis explains what?

can explain why two people can have similar diets and exercise patterns but differing body compositions because the body's energy expenditure can vary in response to environmental changes.

Metabolic compensation currently assumes what kind of model of total energy expenditure?

Additive

Extra 300 calories burned with activity = increase in what

Increase in TEE by 300 calories

How does the body adapt (compensate) to higher physical activity in nutrition?

lowering basal energy expenditure

What are some factors to consider in metabolic compensation in nutrition?

• body size/composition

• duration and intensity of physical activity

• weight loss.

How is body fat related to metabolic compensation in nutrition?

Higher body fat is related to more compensation

What is direct calorimetry in nutrition?

refers to the measurement of energy expenditure by assessing body heat loss within a metabolic chamber.

What is indirect calorimetry in nutrition?

refers to the estimation of energy expenditure by measuring oxygen consumed and carbon dioxide produced with a metabolic cart.

What is estimated energy requirement (EER) in nutrition?

refers to the amount of energy needed to maintain energy balance based on factors such as age, sex, height, weight, and level of physical activity.

What is the Harris-Benedict equation in nutrition?

calculation that estimates resting metabolic rate (RMR) based on factors such as sex, height, weight, and age.

What does Harris–Benedict equation require to determine TDEE

activity factor

What is body composition in nutrition?

ratio of fat tissue to lean body mass, which includes muscle, bone, and organs.

How is body composition usually expressed in nutrition?

percent body fat, which is the proportion of total body weight that is made up of fat tissue

Body composition can measure health risks associated with what?

Too much body fat

Adipose tissue functions as what kind of organ in nutrition?

Adipose tissue functions as an endocrine organ in nutrition by releasing hormones such as leptin, which can affect appetite and energy balance.

What happens to adipose cells during positive energy balance in nutrition?

They can accumulate fat and expand in size.

Growth of fat cells (adipocytes) occurs in how many ways? What are they?

2 ways; they can expand to store more fat (hypertrophy) or once filled to capacity, they can stimulate the production of more fat cells (hyperplasia).

What is dysfunctional adipose tissue in nutrition?

impaired expansion and inflammation, which can contribute to poor cardiometabolic health.

When does dysfunctional adipose tissue typically occur in nutrition?

typically occurs with weight gain in nutrition.

What are the different types of fat in nutrition?

essential fat, subcutaneous fat, visceral fat, ectopic fat, and brown adipose tissue.

What is essential fat in nutrition?

fat that is necessary for the body to function properly, such as for hormone production and insulation of organs.

What is subcutaneous fat in nutrition?

fat that is located under the skin and helps to insulate the body from cold temperatures and protect and cushion internal organs.

What is visceral fat in nutrition?

fat that is stored around the organs in the abdominal area and can contribute to increased health risks when accumulated in excess.

What is ectopic fat in nutrition?

fat that is stored on organs and blood vessels, which can contribute to increased health risks when accumulated in excess.

What is brown adipose tissue in nutrition?

fat that functions to generate heat in the body and contains more mitochondria and is rich in blood.

What is central obesity in nutrition?

Central obesity in nutrition, also known as android obesity, refers to excess visceral fat in the abdomen.

What are some health risks associated with central obesity in nutrition?

increases the risk for heart disease, diabetes, and hypertension.

What does visceral fat in central obesity release in nutrition?

releases fatty acids that travel to the liver, causing insulin resistance, increased LDL-C, decreased HDL-C, and increased inflammation.

What is insulin resistance in central obesity?

Insulin resistance in central obesity occurs when the liver becomes resistant to the effects of insulin due to excessive fatty acid release from visceral fat.

What is gynoid obesity in nutrition?

refers to excess fat around the thighs and buttocks.

Is gynoid obesity more common in females or males in nutrition?

Gynoid obesity is more common in females than males in nutrition.

How does the health risk associated with gynoid obesity compare to android obesity in nutrition?

The health risk associated with gynoid obesity is lower as compared to android obesity in nutrition.

What are some chronic diseases that are associated with android obesity in nutrition?

heart disease, diabetes, and hypertension.

What are some factors that increase visceral fat deposition in nutrition?

stress, tobacco use, alcohol consumption, and excessive sugar intake.

What is the effect of physical activity on visceral fat deposition in nutrition?

Physical activity decreases visceral fat deposition

What is ectopic fat in nutrition?

refers to fat that accumulates on organs and blood vessels.

How is ectopic fat different from visceral fat in nutrition?

While ectopic fat is often lumped together with visceral fat, it can have local effects surrounding vasculature as well as systemic effects surrounding major organs

How do the adverse effects of ectopic fat compare to those of visceral fat?

The adverse effects of ectopic fat in nutrition are similar to those of visceral adipose tissue.

Body composition can be assessed indirectly using:

• Bioelectric Impedance Analysis (BIA)

• Skinfold Thickness

• Hydrostatic Weighing

• BOD POD

• Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DEXA)

• Waist Circumference

What is BIA?

BIA stands for Bioelectric Impedance Analysis, a method used to indirectly measure body composition by measuring the resistance of body tissues to an electric current.

\
mnemonic:

B: Body composition measurement

I: Impedance of body tissues to electric current

A: Affected by hydration status

How does BIA work?

BIA measures how fast an electric current travels through the body, as it travels faster in lean tissue than in fat tissue.

What factors can affect the accuracy of BIA?

hydration status, which can impact the electrical conductivity of the body. It is also generally considered to be less accurate than other methods of measuring body composition.

What are some advantages of using BIA?

BIA is generally easier and less expensive than other methods of measuring body composition, making it a more accessible option for some individuals.

What is Skinfold Thickness?

Skinfold thickness is a method for measuring the thickness of the fat layer under the skin using calipers.

Where is Skinfold Thickness commonly done?

triceps and subscapular sites.

What factors affect the accuracy of Skinfold Thickness measurements?

The accuracy of Skinfold Thickness measurements depends on the skill and experience of the user.

What is hydrostatic weighing?

Hydrostatic weighing is a method that compares body weight on land to body weight under water to determine body density.

How does hydrostatic weighing determine body density?

by comparing body weight on land to body weight under water.

Is hydrostatic weighing an accurate tool for measuring body composition?

Yes, hydrostatic weighing is one of the most accurate tools for measuring body composition.

What is BOD POD?

BOD POD is a method of measuring body composition that determines body density by measuring air displaced by the body in a closed chamber, using body weight.

What is DEXA?

Uses two low-energy X-ray beams to measure bone density and body mass

What does DEXA determine?

Uses two low-energy X-ray beams to measure bone density and body mass

How accurate is DEXA?

Most accurate

What is Body Mass Index (BMI)?

Body mass index (BMI) calculates body weight in relation to height.

How is BMI measured?

BMI is measured in kg/m2 (or weight (lb)/\[height (in)\]^2 x 703).

What is the use of BMI as a screening tool?

BMI is a screening tool to determine disease risk.

What is the health risk associated with obesity?

Individuals with obesity have a higher risk of dying prematurely than those with a BMI between 18.5 and 25.

What is the problem with BMI?

BMI may not be accurate for everyone.

Who may not have an accurate BMI measurement?

Athletes and some individuals with high muscle mass, older adults with chronic weight loss, and individuals less than 5 feet in height.

What are the limitations of BMI?

It does not account for regional adiposity.

Does BMI work well on the population level?

Yes.

Is BMI accurate for every individual?

No, it may not be accurate for every individual.

Is BMI a good research tool?

Yes

What can BMI evaluate?

BMI can evaluate body weight and risk of chronic disease.

Are exceptions to the rule common when looking at a population?

No

BMI is highly correlated with what?

BMI is highly correlated with waist circumference.

Is BMI always the best measure for individual use?

No

Should BMI be the only measurement used to estimate body composition?

No, other indirect measurements should also be used to get a better estimate of body composition such as indicators of cardiometabolic health.

What does an increased waist circumference indicate in relation to BMI?

It indicates an increased health risk even with a healthy BMI.

What waist circumference is a health risk with a healthy BMI?

> 35 inches in females and > 40 inches in males

What are the causes of underweight?

• Inadequate calorie intake

• Excessive exercise

• Medical conditions causing malabsorption (e.g. inflammatory bowel disorder, celiac disease, cancer)

• Substance abuse, smoking

• Certain medications

What are the risks of being underweight?

• Associated with increased risk of premature death

• Reduced body fat and muscle mass

• Affects electrolyte balance

• Compromises immune system

• Delays sexual development in adolescents

• Causes health complications in fetus & elderly

• Correlated with depression and anxiety

• Higher risk of anemia, osteoporosis and bone fractures, heart irregularities, and amenorrhea

What is disordered eating?

• Abnormal and potentially harmful eating patterns.

• Refusing to eat

• Compulsive eating

• Binge eating

• Restrictive eating

• Vomiting after eating

• Abusing diet pills, laxatives, or diuretics.

What are eating disorders?

Psychological illnesses that impact eating behaviors and body image.

How are eating disorders defined?

Eating disorders are defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM).

What do eating disorders affect?

Eating disorders affect physical health, nutritional health, and psychosocial functioning.

What is the consequence of untreated eating disorders?

Eating disorders can be fatal if left untreated.

Factors that Contribute to Eating Disorders

Genetics loads the gun and environment pulls the trigger