Macromolecules

The 4 Macromolecules are

Carbs, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids

The Carbs Monomer is

Monosaccharides

3 Examples of Monosaccharides are

Glucose, fructose, and galactose

3 Examples of Disaccharides are

Sucrose, maltose, and lactose are

3 examples of polysaccharides are

Stach, glycogen, cellulose

Carbs are made from the process called:

Dehydration Synthesis

Hydrolosis:

Breaking down of macromolecules by adding water

Lipids are a

Non-polar organic compound

Lipids are soluble or insoluble in water

insoluble

Lipids are made from

3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol

The monomer of lipids is

fatty acids

Lipids 4 functions are

Insulation, Energy Storage, cushioning organs, absorption of fat-soluble vitamins

Saturated fats are

single bonded, solid at room temperature, and animal fats

Unsaturated fats are

Double-bonded, liquid at room temperature, plant oils

Trans fats

Produced when vegetables oils are heated

High Density Lipoproteins’ function is

transport excess cholesterol to liverL

Low Density Lipoproteins’ function is to

transport excess cholesterol to cells for storage

Fat Soluble Vitamins

ADEK, can overdose easy

Proteins’ Monomer is

Amino acids

How many types of amino acids

20

Function of Proteins:

Structural, functional, and enzymes

Enzymes have

active site and substrateA

The shape of the active site determines the

enzyme specificity

The enzyme lactase breaks down

lactose

Enzymes do or do not get consumed

they don’t get consumed

Protein denaturation

when a protein gets damaged

4 reasons a protein denaturation causes

Extremes in temp, extremes in pH, amount of substrates, binding sites messed up

3 results from protein denaturation

Disrupts the H bonds, structuce lost, and active site lost

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Chemical energy useable by all cells

Competitive inhibition

higher concentration substrate is broke down first

Primary structure

1 line of amino acids

Secondary structure

primary structure bonded by another bond

Proteins are amino acids that are bonded by

peptide bonds

Nucleic acids monomers are

nucleotides

Nucleic acids’ function is

Contains all heredity material

DNA nitrogen bases

Cytosine, guanine, adenine, and thymine

RNA Nitrogen bases

Cytosine, guanine, adenine, and uracil

Codon

group of 3 bases that code for amino acids

DNA is

Deoxyribonucleic acid: double helix shaped, provides instructions, and houses genes

RNA

Ribonucleic acid: single stranded, created from transcription, used for protein synthesis

Anticodon

series of 3 nucleotides that compliment codons

mRNA

messenger that is used to send DNA messages

tRNA

uses anticodons to put amino acids in the correct order

Transcription

DNA to RNA: dna is unzipped to create mRNA

Translation

RNA to protein, occurs in the ribosomes, codons from mRNA are read for proteins

Stop codons are

UAG, UAA, UGA

Start codon is

AUG

Nucleotides are made up of

1 phosphate group, 1 pentose sugar, nitrogenous base