UCSP QUARTERLY EXAM REVIEWER

Anthropology

The study, analysis, and description of humanity's past and present.

Hiistorical Perspective

Nature of anthropology can be viewed from a global discipline involving humanities, social sciences and natural sciences.

Prehistoric Origins

Questions about humanity's beginnings prior to written records, including human evolution.

Contemporary Humanity

The study of modern human biological and cultural diversity, including language.

Research Methods in Anthropology

Methods range from scientific to humanistic, including quantitative (numeric) and subjective (descriptive) data collection.

Inductive Methodology

A humanistic approach in anthropology that seeks understanding through the study of culture, arts, and expression.

Homo sapiens

The species designation for modern humans, studied in anthropology for its evolutionary history.

Cultural Diversity

The variety of cultural expressions and social behaviors within human societies.

Symbolic Expression

Forms like art, music, and poetry that convey human experiences and beliefs.

Holism

The approach in anthropology that examines how different parts of human life connect and influence one another, emphasizing the need to understand collective human experiences rather than isolating individual aspects.

Cultural Relativism

The concept that we should strive to understand another person's beliefs and practices based on their own cultural perspective, without passing judgment or viewing other methods as inferior.

Comparison

The practice of comparing ideas, morals, practices, and systems within or between cultures, such as examining gender roles or religious conflicts across different societies.

Fieldwork

Known as ethnography, involves direct interaction and observation of people within their cultural contexts.

Sociology

The scientific investigation of human culture and social behavior.

Auguste Comte

Known as the 'Father of Sociology' for coining the term 'Humanism' in 1839.

Émile Durkheim

The French sociologist credited with significantly contributing to the development of sociology as a scientific discipline.

Political Science

The study of the nature, causes, and consequences of collective decisions and actions taken by groups of people, including the analysis of political activities, thoughts, institutions, and behaviors.

Nature of Political Science

A social science concerned with the theory and practice of politics, encompassing the description and analysis of political systems and behaviors.

Distribution of Power

The allocation and movement of power in decision-making within political systems, affecting governance and policy-making.

Political Behavior

The actions and activities of individuals and groups in relation to political processes.

Public Policy

The principles and regulations established by governments to address societal issues.

Aristotle

Often referred to as the Father of Political Science, he emphasized the importance of political systems and is famous for the phrase 'Man is a political animal'.

Politics

The mechanisms and processes through which power and authority are exercised and societal goals are achieved.

Psychology, Social research, and Cognitive Neuroscience.

Political Science uses diverse methods that originates in the ______.

Band

A small, egalitarian group formed by several families living together, often moving to search for food without formal leadership.

Egalitarian Society

A society where all families are considered equal, with no class differentiation based on wealth, though status may differ based on gender and age.

Tribe

A larger and more complex social organization than a band, often organized through councils and tribal leaders, commonly led by a village headman.

Village Headman

A leader of a tribe who performs leadership roles but has limited political power, often chosen based on communal recognition.

Chiefdom

A political organization with a permanent leader known as the 'chief', who has the authority to make major decisions and power is inherited.

Paramount Chief

The primary leader in a chiefdom who comes from an elite family, overseeing multiple communities within the chiefdom.

Nation

An imagined and abstract community characterized by common history and identity, existing as a state of mind rather than merely a physical territory.

State

A political unit with a government having sovereignty over a defined territory and group of people, representing the highest form of political organization.

Nation-State

A political entity where the citizens of a state belong exclusively to one nation.

Authority

The right to command and make others act, which is perceived as legitimate and binding by those who respond to it.

Legitimacy

The value by which something or someone is recognized as rightful and proper; it gives authority stability and binding force.

Max Weber

Three types of authority identified by _________: traditional, charismatic, and bureaucratic.

Traditional Authority

Legitimacy derived from established customs, habits, and social structures.

Charismatic Authority

Authority that comes from the charisma of an individual, often seen as a 'gift of grace'.

Bureaucratic Authority

Legitimacy drawn from formal rules promulgated by the state through fundamental and implementing laws.

Bank

An institution where individuals deposit or save money, gaining interest over time.

Corporation

A legal entity authorized to act as a single entity, often operated as stock corporations where ownership is represented by shares.

Cooperative (Coop)

An autonomous association with voluntary membership aimed at meeting common economic, social, and cultural needs.

Trade Union

An organization of workers focused on protecting members' rights and negotiating better working conditions.

Transnational Advocacy Groups

Organizations promoting social causes, giving a voice to the powerless in law-making processes.

Global Organizations

Entities that fund and support the development of countries through loans or grants.

International Non-Governmental Organizations (INGO)

Non-governmental organizations operating internationally, such as the International Committee of the Red Cross.

International Governmental Organizations (IGO)

Organizations primarily made up of member states, like the United Nations (UN).

Cultural Universals

Traits that are part of every known culture, including bodily adornment, courtship, dancing, education, food taboos, and funeral rites.

Ethnocentrism

The belief that one's own culture is superior to all others, which can lead to misunderstanding and disorientation when encountering cultural differences.

Cultural Relativism

The practice of evaluating a culture based on its own standards rather than through the lens of another culture.

Multiculturalism

The coexistence of diverse cultures within a territory, along with policies aimed at managing cultural diversity.

Culture Shock

The disorientation and frustration experienced when encountering a culture significantly different from one's own.

Ruth Benedict

An anthropologist who argued that each culture has a consistent pattern of thoughts and actions, providing the basis for judging its practices.

William Graham Sumner

Sociologist who defined ethnocentrism and stated that it involves viewing one's culture as the 'normal' standard for evaluating others.

Cultural Examination

The practice of questioning the significance of cultural practices, such as asking about the reasons behind rituals and symbols.

Perspective Taking

The ability to view and evaluate other cultures from their own viewpoint, rather than imposing one's own cultural standards.

Symbol

An object, word, or action that stands for something else, culturally defined, without a natural relationship.

Symbolism

The representation of abstract ideas or concepts, defining relationships between various elements within a narrative.

Social symbols

Symbols that transfer culture, ideologies, or beliefs from one group to another.

Cultural symbols

Manifestations that signify the ideology of a particular culture, possessing intrinsic meaning within that culture.

Political symbols

Symbols that represent a political standpoint, appearing in various media forms such as banners and flags.

Economic symbols

Symbols employed in the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services, such as currency and market indicators.

Cultural practices

Manifestations of a culture or sub-culture, including religious rituals, artistic expressions, and customary practices.

Religious Symbol

An iconic representation intended to signify a specific religion or a concept within that religion.

Philippines Flag

A national symbol that represents the identity and unity of the Filipino nation.

Philippine Eagle

A national bird symbolizing freedom and power, recognized as a national symbol of the Philippines.

Philippine National Anthem

A musical piece that embodies the spirit and unity of the Filipino people.

Christian cross

The Christian cross has traditionally been a symbol representing Christianity or Christendom as a whole, and is the best- known symbol of Christianity.

Star and crescent

Was used as the flag of the Ottoman Empire from 1844.

Jewish flags

Featuring hexagrams alongside other devices appear from As early as the 14th or 15th century CE.

Traditional Medical Practices

Belief in “albularyo”, herbal medicines, alternative medicines, and other home remedies.

Religious/ Spiritual Practices

Obando Festival in Bulacan for fertility, Panaad sa Camiguin as act of penance and pilgrim. Feast of the Black Nazarene in Manila, etc

Culinary Practices

Rice 3 meals a day, Adobo, Sinigang, street foods, Balut, rice cakes, etc. Child- rearing Practices- respectful (used of the words mano, po at opo ), obedience to parents and elders, no talking back to elders, removing footwear before entering the house, family mealtime, ninong/ninang, ate/kuya, punishment using belt/tsinelas.

Social Symbols and Practices

It is a visible, external denotation of one’s social position, indicator of one’s social or economic status.

Status Symbol

Relates to how individuals and groups interact and interpret various cultural symbols. It can be seen in clothing and possessions, societal recognition, material possessions and other recognized symbols used worldwide such as white dove for peace, red heart for love, etc.

Political Dynasties

It is the concentration, consolidation or perpetuation of public office and political power by persons related to one another.

Palakasan system

Refers to a system of getting an advantage when having or knowing someone powerful from the office that can recommend you. This usually happens within government offices.

Economic Symbols

This represents economic standpoint. It can be seen in various media such as Stock Exchange, Money, and Currency, Gold and Petroleum, Life Insurance, Banking, etc

Paluwagan

It is a group savings where group of people agrees to give money to a money manager who is also part of this group and manages the money. The money will cycle throughout the group.

Alkansya

It is where they Filipino use bamboo as a vault to their money until it becomes full and ready to be withdrawn by its owner

Socialization

Refers to the coaching of novices to end up contributors of a current crew and to think, feel, and act in approaches the team considers appropriate.

Primary Socialization

Occurs early in a child’s lifestyle and is primarily due to have an impact directly from the family and close friends. Through fundamental socialization, a baby learns basic societal norms and customs. Example Mano or pagmamano as an "honoring-gesture" to the elders.

Secondary Socialization

Occurs when a person learns on appropriate behavior to be displayed within a smaller group which still part of a larger society. Example joining a club or organization in college, getting employed in a new workplace.

Anticipatory Socialization

Adolescence is initiated between the ages of childhood and adulthood. During this stage, children start to participate in Anticipatory Socialization. They also learn about their group culture and what they should expect in the future.

Professional or Developmental Socialization

This process of socialization occurs during the early years of an individual's life. It develops his skills and attitudes for the future and prepares him for the various roles and responsibilities that he will assume as an adult.

Re-Socialization

When an individual moves to a new group, he has to learn the new values and beliefs of the new group. This process of re-socialization helps him to get used to the new ways of life.

Context

Denotes culture, language, social structures, and the individual’s rank within them. It includes the history and roles played by the people and institutions in the past.

Content and Process

The work or activity in socialization. Content refers to the details of what passed from a member to a new member. While process means the interactions and ways these new norms, values and customs are thought to a novice.

Results and Outcomes

Refers to what happens to an individual after being exposed to a particular contents and process.

Biological Context

Sociobiologist suggest that some human capacities may be "wired into" our biological makeup. Some hormones (i.e. vasopressin and oxytocin) encourage human to interact and socialize with other people.

Psychological Context

Composed of (1) emotional states and unconsciovvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvusness (2) cognitive theories of development (3) social and historical events (4) social position as part of the context.

Enculturation

Socialization is also known as ___________. Occurs when cultural knowledge is passed on to the next bearer which will perpetuate and ensure the continuance of their traditions and practices (Santarita and Madrid, 2016).

Identity formation

An individual’s identity is formed through his interaction with other people. A person’s socialization with individuals or groups allows him or her to imbibe certain characteristics and interests that contribute to his/her identity. (Idea derived from Newman, 2012). For example, the centuries of Philippine Chinese expose to Filipino culture made them imbibe facets of Filipino character in the same way Filipinos learned to love Chinese culture like food (e.g. preference for noodle-based cuisine like pancit).

Norms and values

On the other hand, norms are culturally determined rules that guide people regarding what is right, wrong, proper, or improper. Norms create predictability in daily affairs and interactions, making it easier to live with other members of society (Newman, 2012). These norms are fundamental to the establishment of social order in any society (Newman, 2012).

Conformity

Refers to behaviour in accordance with socially accepted conventions or standards.

Deviance

On the other hand, describes an action or behaviour that violates social norms.

Social Group

Two or more people who identify with and engage with each other (Macionis 2012). As an individual, you may be a member of a religious group, an ethnic group, a working colleague group, a college class, a sports team, and so on. These are also referred to as social groups.

Primary groups

Involve interaction among members who have an emotional investment or attachment in one another and a situation, who know one another intimately and interact as total individuals rather than through specialized roles. They are smaller in number and occur over a long time. Examples of relationships under the primary group are between friends, husband and wife, parent and child, and teacher and pupil. On the other hand, sample groups under primary groups include playgroup, family, village/neighborhood, and work team.

Secondary groups

Usually have specific goals, are formally organized, and are impersonal. They tend to be larger than the primary group, and its members do not necessarily interact with all other members. Examples of relationships under the secondary group are between clerk and customer, announcer and listener, performer and spectator, and officer and subordinate. On the other hand, sample groups under the second group include nation, clerical hierarchy, professional association, and corporation.

In-groups

Is a social group to which a person psychologically identifies as being a member.