General psych

Psychology

the scientific study of behavior and mind

psychiatry

a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy

Physiology

the study of how the body and its parts work or function

philosophy

the study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence, especially when considered as an academic discipline.

philology

study of language and literature

clincal psychologist

Perform assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of mental disorders

Conduct research on people with mental disorders

Work in colleges and universities, mental health centers, and private practice

pychiatrist

medical doctors that can prescribe drugs

Psychoanalyst

a psychologist who studies how unconscious motives and conflicts determine human behavior

William Wundt

father of psychology, first psychology research lab in Leipzig, Germany; research on workings of senses; applied scientific method to psychology; used Introspection

William James

1842-1910; Field: functionalism; Contributions: studied how humans use perception to function in our environment; Studies: Pragmatism, The Meaning of Truth

Sigumund Freud

Founder of psychoanalysis, a clinical method for evaluating and treating pathologies. Physician from Vienna who noticed his patients had physical problems, but no physical cause could be found.

B.F. Skinner (1904-1990)

- Expanded the basic ideas of behaviorism to include the idea of reinforcement and punishment -- environmental stimuli that either encourage or discourage certain responses

- Helped establish and popularize the operant conditioning model of learning

- Skinner's intellectual influence lasted for decades

Seven Contemporary Approaches to Psychology

1. Biological

2. Behavioral

3. Psychodynamic

4. Humanistic

5. Cognitive

6. Evolutionary

7. Sociocultural

Research methods

descriptive, correlational, experimental

descriptive

An idea, object, person, or other item is described in detail

Correlation

in research, the degree to which one variable is related to another(suggestion)

experiment

A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process

research ethics

Standards of conduct that investigators are ethically bound to honor to protect their research participants from physical or psychological harm.

IRB (Institutional Review Board)

Board that reviews research proposals for ethical violations/procedural errors

IACUC (Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee)

Proper treatment of animal subjects (reduce,refine,replace)

misconduct

immoral behavior; bad management; V.

Nature vs. Nurture

Do genes (nature) or environmental factors (nurture) contribute more to a person's being?

inhereted traits

passed down from parent to offspring

learned trait

Something you are taught or learn with experience.

Mind Body Controversy

Socrates and Plato felt the mind was separate from the body, the mind or consciousness continued after death. no "free will"

the brain

organ of the mind

EEG (electroencephalogram)

shows brain's electrical activity by positioning electrodes over the scalp

CAT scan

a method of creating static images of the brain through computerized axial tomography

PET scan

a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task

MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)

is a brain imaging technique that detects magnetic changes in the brain's blood flow patterns.

PET scan (positron emission tomography)

A brain-imaging technique that reveals activity in various parts of the brain, based on patterns of blood flow, oxygen use, and glucose consumption.

fMRI (functional MRI)

A technique for revealing bloodflow and, therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans. fMRI scans show brain function.

central nervous system

brain and spinal cord

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body.

somatic nervous system

Division of the PNS that controls the body's skeletal muscles.

Neurotransmitters

chemical messengers

distinction between sensation and perception

Sensation is data, Perception is interpreting that data

Nine Senses

Vision, Audition, Olfaction, Taste, Touch, Temperature, Kinesthesis, Vestibular, Pain, Temperature

vision

the ability to see

physical stimulus

the matter or energy that contacts our sense organs

afferent pathway

Sensory pathway that relays information to the central nervous system.

skin senses

touch,cold and warm,and pain

chemical senses

taste and smell

body senses

equilibrium,kinesthesia,and perceptual illusions

Equilibrium

A state of balance

kinesthesia

the system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts

perceptual illusions

inappropriate interpretations of physical reality

sleep

periodic, natural loss of consciousness

Wakeness

y high levels of sensory awareness, thought, and behavior(awake)

restorative process

motor cortex

controls voluntary movements

sensory cortex

registers and processes body touch and movement sensations

autonomic nervous system

A subdivision of the peripheral nervous system. Controls involuntary activity of visceral muscles and internal organs and glands.

sympathetic nervous system

fight or flight

parasympathetic nervous system

a set of nerves that helps the body return to a normal resting state

nerve cells

Cells that carry information in the body

Neuron

a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system

cell body

Largest part of a typical neuron; contains the nucleus and much of the cytoplasm

Dendrites

receive messages from other cells

Axon

the neuron extension that passes messages through its branches to other neurons or to muscles or glands

Synapse

A junction where information is transmitted from one neuron to the next.

Stages of sleep

1. Lightest Sleep (NREM) 2. Slightly Deeper Sleep (NREM) 3. Deeper Sleep (NREM) 4. Delta Waves are omitted but there is not much difference between this stage and stage 3 (NREM) 5. REM

insomnia

inability to sleep

somnambulism

sleepwalking

apnea

absence of breathing during sleep

Narcolepsy

uncontrollable sleep attacks

circadian rhythm

the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hour cycle

classes of drugs

depressants, stimulants, hallucinogens

Deppresants

drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions

Stimulants

Drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, and Ecstasy) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions.

psychedelic

producing an unnatural mental state

Hallucinogens

Drugs that alter moods, thoughts, and sense perceptions including vision, hearing, smell, and touch

dependence and tolerance

a condition in which larger and larger doses of a drug are needed to reproduce the initial response

synaptic action

1. Action potential reaches axon terminal.

2. Calcium channels open and cause vesicles to release neurotransmitters.

3. Neurotransmitters cross the synapse and bind to neuroreceptors, triggering a signal.

classical conditioning

a learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired; a response that is at first elicited by the second stimulus is eventually elicited by the first stimulus alone.

Pavlov

Classical conditioning: dogs

Watson

Behaviorism; "Little Albert Study"; aversion therapy

Extinction

the diminishing of a conditioned response

operant conditioning

Learning based on the consequences of responding.

altered state of consciousness

sleep, anxiety ,relaxation ,hypnosis, psychotropic drugs

positive reinforcement

increasing behaviors by presenting positive reinforcers. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.

negative reinforcement

Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response. (Note: negative reinforcement is not punishment.)

punishment

an event that decreases the behavior that it follows

3 Stages of non-REM sleep

N1, N2, N3

REM

rapid eye movement sleep

most of what we do is

learned

basic patterns are

hard wired in our body

behavior is

emitted