The Earth and Space Foundation.

1. dichotomous (adj) /daɪˈkɒtəməs/
Example: The reason for this dichotomous existence is chiefly historical.

→ involving two completely opposing ideas
→ lưỡng phân, tách biệt thành hai

2. institution (n) /ˌɪnstɪˈtjuːʃn/
Example: The institutions created to explore Earth are very different from those for space.

→ an established organization or system
→ tổ chức, cơ quan

3. domain (n) /dəʊˈmeɪn/
Example: The study of Earth is a domain heavily populated by biologists.

→ an area of activity, interest, or knowledge
→ lĩnh vực

4. introspective (adj) /ˌɪntrəˈspektɪv/
Example: Environmentalists are regarded as introspective people.

→ examining your own thoughts rather than the outside world
→ hướng nội, tự xem xét

5. expansive (adj) /ɪkˈspænsɪv/
Example: Space exploration is seen as an expansive vision.

→ wide-ranging, covering a lot
→ rộng lớn, bao quát

6. perception (n) /pəˈsepʃn/
Example: These perceptions can be negative in consequence.

→ a belief or opinion based on how things seem
→ nhận thức, quan niệm

7. continuum (n) /kənˈtɪnjuəm/
Example: Earth and space exploration are seen as a continuum.

→ something that keeps going, without a clear division
→ chuỗi liên tục

8. remote sensing (n) /rɪˈməʊt ˈsensɪŋ/
Example: Expeditions used remote sensing to plan eco-tourism routes.

→ collecting information about an area from a distance (satellites, aircraft, etc.)
→ viễn thám

9. remnant (n) /ˈremnənt/
Example: They found remnants of early civilisations.

→ a small remaining part of something
→ tàn dư, dấu tích

10. fertile crescent (n) /ˈfɜːtaɪl ˈkresnt/
Example: The Fertile Crescent was the birthplace of astronomy.

→ a region in the Middle East with rich soils where early civilizations began
→ Vành đai Lưỡi Liềm Màu Mỡ

11. domestication (n) /dəˌmestɪˈkeɪʃn/
Example: The Fertile Crescent was the birthplace of animal domestication.

→ the process of taming animals or cultivating plants for human use
→ sự thuần hóa

12. psychometric test (n) /ˌsaɪkəʊˈmetrɪk test/
Example: Psychometric tests were used on cavers.

→ a test designed to measure psychological qualities
→ trắc nghiệm tâm lý

13. astronaut (n) /ˈæstrənɔːt/
Example: NASA used the results to enhance astronaut selection criteria.

→ a person trained to travel in space
→ phi hành gia

14. permafrost (n) /ˈpɜːməfrɒst/
Example: The crater sits in high Arctic permafrost.

→ permanently frozen ground
→ tầng đất đóng băng vĩnh cửu

15. impact crater (n) /ˈɪmpækt ˈkreɪtə(r)/
Example: The Arctic impact crater was used as a Mars analogue site.

→ a hole formed when a meteorite or comet hits a planet
→ hố va chạm thiên thạch

16. Mars analogue (n) /mɑːz ˈænəlɒɡ/
Example: The Arctic crater was used as a Mars-analogue programme.

→ an Earth environment that resembles conditions on Mars
→ môi trường tương tự sao Hỏa

17. Olympus Mons (n) /əˌlɪmpəs ˈmɒnz/
Example: The award includes climbing Olympus Mons.

→ the highest volcano/mountain in the solar system
→ ngọn núi cao nhất hệ Mặt Trời (trên Sao Hỏa)

18. Valles Marineris (n) /ˈvæliːz ˌmærɪˈnɛrɪs/
Example: An award is given for descending into Valles Marineris.

→ the largest canyon on Mars
→ hẻm núi lớn nhất Sao Hỏa

19. expedition (n) /ˌekspəˈdɪʃn/
Example: The Foundation funds scientific expeditions.

→ a journey made for a particular purpose, especially exploration
→ chuyến thám hiểm

20. physiological (adj) /ˌfɪziəˈlɒdʒɪkl/
Example: The study included physiological research in harsh environments.

→ related to the functions of living organisms
→ thuộc về sinh lý

21. psychological (adj) /ˌsaɪkəˈlɒdʒɪkl/
Example: Cavers faced psychological stress from isolation.

→ related to the human mind and behavior
→ thuộc về tâm lý

2. asteroid (n) /ˈæstərɔɪd/
Example: An asteroid formed the Arctic crater.

→ a small rocky body orbiting the sun
→ tiểu hành tinh

23. comet (n) /ˈkɒmɪt/
Example: The crater may have been caused by a comet.

→ an icy celestial body that releases gas and dust
→ sao chổi

24. replica (n) /ˈreplɪkə/
Example: The crater provides a replica of Mars conditions.

→ a copy or reproduction
→ bản sao, mô phỏng

25. frontier (n) /ˈfrʌntɪə(r)/
Example: Space is considered the new frontier.

→ an unexplored area or limit of knowledge
→ biên giới/ giới hạn

26. grant (n) /ɡrɑːnt/
Example: The Foundation provided a grant to the project.

→ money given for a specific purpose
→ khoản tài trợ

27. merit (n) /ˈmerɪt/
Example: Forests should not only be saved on their intrinsic merit.

→ the quality of being good or deserving praise
→ giá trị, công lao

28. capital (n) /ˈkæpɪtl/
Example: Eco-tourism provided capital to local communities.

→ money or assets used to produce wealth
→ vốn

29. novel (adj) /ˈnɒvl/
Example: This novel approach made forest protection more practical.

→ new and different in a positive way
→ mới lạ, độc đáo

30. sensible (adj) /ˈsensəbl/
Example: It made protecting forests a sensible economic decision.

→ reasonable, practical, wise
→ hợp lý

31. astronomical (adj) /ˌæstrəˈnɒmɪkl/
Example: Expeditions made astronomical observations in remote areas.

→ relating to astronomy, the study of stars and planets
→ thuộc thiên văn học

32. civilisation (n) /ˌsɪvəlaɪˈzeɪʃn/
Example: Early civilisations contributed to space sciences.

→ human society with culture, science, and government
→ nền văn minh

33. accountancy (n) /əˈkaʊntənsi/
Example: The Fertile Crescent was the birthplace of accountancy.

→ the profession of preparing and auditing financial records
→ nghề kế toán

34. imagery (n) /ˈɪmɪdʒəri/
Example: They used GPS and satellite imagery to locate mounds.

→ pictures produced by satellites, art, or imagination
→ hình ảnh (vệ tinh)

35. mound (n) /maʊnd/
Example: The team located mounds containing artefacts.

→ a raised area of earth, often covering remains
→ gò đất, mô đất

36. tel (n) /tɛl/
Example: Archaeologists studied tels in Syria.

→ an archaeological mound formed by ancient settlements
→ gò khảo cổ

37. harsh (adj) /hɑːʃ/
Example: Studies were conducted in harsh environments.

→ difficult, severe, unpleasant
→ khắc nghiệt

38. criterion (n) /kraɪˈtɪəriən/
Example: They improved astronaut selection criteria.

→ a standard used to judge or decide something
→ tiêu chí

39. extraterrestrial (adj) /ˌekstrətəˈrestriəl/
Example: They studied extraterrestrial environments for research.

→ originating or existing outside Earth
→ ngoài Trái Đất

40. geology (n) /dʒiˈɒlədʒi/
Example: Geologists studied the crater’s geological features.

→ the science of the Earth’s physical structure and processes
→ địa chất học

41. descent (n) /dɪˈsent/
Example: An award is for the descent into Valles Marineris.

→ the act of going down from a higher place
→ sự đi xuống

42. scheme (n) /skiːm/
Example: These schemes must be carefully assessed.

→ a plan or arrangement
→ kế hoạch

43. extreme (adj) /ɪkˈstriːm/
Example: Environmentalists study survival in extreme conditions.

→ very great in degree, severe
→ khắc nghiệt, cực độ

44. replicate (v) /ˈreplɪkeɪt/
Example: The Arctic crater replicates Mars conditions.

→ to copy or reproduce
→ sao chép, mô phỏng

45. introspective (adj) /ˌɪntrəˈspektɪv/
Example: Environmentalists are sometimes seen as introspective.

→ examining one’s own thoughts and feelings
→ hướng nội, tự xem xét