AP AAS unit test

13th Amendment

Abolished slavery in the United States (1866).

14th Amendment

Granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States and guaranteed equal protection under the law (1868).

15th Amendment

Prohibited the denial of the right to vote based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude (1870).

Juneteenth

Celebrates the emancipation of enslaved African Americans, commemorating June 19, 1865, when Union soldiers brought news of freedom to enslaved people in Texas.

Civil Rights Act 1866

Granted citizenship and equal rights to all persons born in the United States, regardless of race.

Black Codes

Laws passed in southern states after the Civil War to restrict the rights of newly freed African Americans.

Ku Klux Klan

A white supremacist organization founded in the post-Civil War South to oppose civil rights for African Americans through terror and violence.

Special Field Order #15

Issued by General Sherman, it set aside land in South Carolina and Georgia for settled freed slaves.

Sea Islands Experiment

A Civil War program where freed slaves worked on abandoned plantations in South Carolina successfully.

HBCUs

Historically Black Colleges and Universities, institutions established before 1964 primarily serving the African American community.

The Second Morrill Act 1890

Provided funding for land-grant colleges in the South, many of which were historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs).

Divine 9

Refers to the nine historically Black Greek-letter organizations that make up the National Pan-Hellenic Council.

Black Greek-Letter Organizations (BGLOs)

Fraternities and sororities established by African Americans to promote academic excellence, leadership, and community service.

Fisk Jubilee Singers

An African American a cappella ensemble from Fisk University, known for popularizing Negro spirituals.

Compromise of 1877

An unwritten deal that settled the disputed 1876 presidential election and ended Reconstruction by withdrawing federal troops from the South.

Redeemer Governments

Southern state governments established after Reconstruction that sought to restore white supremacy.

Sharecropping

A system where freedmen and poor whites rented land from landowners in exchange for a share of the crops produced.

Tenant Farming

A system where farmers rented land and paid the landowner in cash or a portion of the crops.

Crop Lien System

A credit system used by sharecroppers and tenant farmers who pledged a portion of their future crops to local merchants in exchange for supplies.

Convict Leasing

A system where Southern states leased prisoners to private companies to perform labor, often under brutal conditions.

Vagrancy Laws

Laws that criminalized homelessness and unemployment, often targeting African Americans to force them into labor.

Poll Taxes

Fees required to vote, used to disenfranchise African American voters.

Literacy Tests

Tests administered as prerequisites for voting, often used to disenfranchise African American voters.

Jim Crow

Laws and customs enforcing racial segregation and discrimination in the South.

Plessy v. Ferguson

1896 Supreme Court case that upheld racial segregation under the "separate but equal" doctrine.

Tuskegee Institute

Founded by Booker T. Washington, this institution focused on vocational training for African Americans.

The Atlanta Exposition Address

A speech by Booker T. Washington advocating for vocational education and economic self-reliance for African Americans.

The Souls of Black Folk

A collection of essays by W.E.B. Du Bois discussing race, culture, and African American life.

The Crisis

The official magazine of the NAACP, founded by W.E.B. Du Bois.

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

An organization founded in 1909 to fight for civil rights and eliminate racial discrimination.

The Color Line

A term used by W.E.B. Du Bois to describe racial segregation and inequality in the United States.

The African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME)

A historically Black denomination founded in 1816, advocating for social justice and civil rights.

Harriet Forten

An African American abolitionist and women's rights advocate involved in the anti-slavery movement.

Hiram Revels

The first African American to serve in the U.S. Senate, representing Mississippi during Reconstruction.

Blanche Bruce

The first African American to serve a full term in the U.S. Senate, also representing Mississippi.

Frederick Douglass

A former enslaved person who became a leading abolitionist, orator, and author.

Sojourner Truth

An African American abolitionist and women's rights activist known for her speech "Ain’t I a Woman?"

Ida B. Wells

An African American journalist and civil rights activist who led an anti-lynching crusade.

George Washington Carver

An African American scientist and inventor known for his work with peanuts and crop rotation.