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What is believed to be the most significant result of the evolution of the amniotic egg?
Newborns are much less dependent on their parents.
Embryos are protected from predators.
Tetrapods are no longer tied to the water for reproduction.
Tetrapods can now function with just lungs.

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Tetrapods are no longer tied to the water for reproduction.

Which of following reproductive strategies in mammals involves the mother laying eggs that hatch outside of her body?
ovoviviparous reproduction
oviparous reproduction
asexual reproduction
viviparous reproduction

oviparous reproduction

Which of the following chordates is most likely to look the least like other chordates?
adult tunicate
adult human
larval tunicate
embryonic human
lancelet

adult tunicate

Which of the following characteristics allowed early gnathostomes to become successful predators?
fins stiffened with bone that increased maneuverability and improved gas exchange through the skin
lobe fins that allowed temporary access to land and improved gas exchange in the gills
lobe fins that allowed temporary access to land and improved gas exchange through the skin
fins stiffened with bone that increased maneuverability and improved gas exchange in the gills

fins stiffened with bone that increased maneuverability and improved gas exchange in the gills

All of the following represent diagnostic features of chordates except for which one?
pharyngeal slits or clefts
a hollow dorsal nerve cord
a muscular, post-anal tail
vertebrae
notochord

vertebrae

Which of the following claims about human evolution is most consistent with current scientific understanding?
Humans represent the pinnacle of evolution and have escaped from being affected by natural selection.
Humans and other apes are the result of disruptive selection in a species of chimpanzee.
Humans evolved from chimpanzees.
Humans and other apes represent divergent lines of evolution from a common ancestor.

Humans and other apes represent divergent lines of evolution from a common ancestor.

Which of the following organisms is considered the most recent common ancestor of living tetrapods?
a salamander that had legs supported by a bony skeleton but moved with the side-to-side bending typical of fishes
a sturdy-finned, shallow-water lobe-fin whose appendages had skeletal supports similar to those of terrestrial vertebrates
an early ray-finned fish that developed bony skeletal supports in its paired fins
an armored, jawed placoderm with two pairs of appendages

a sturdy-finned, shallow-water lobe-fin whose appendages had skeletal supports similar to those of terrestrial vertebrates

Which of the following statements about the geographic distribution of marsupials is accurate?
they occur on all continents except Antarctica
they occur only in Australia and New Guinea
they occur only in Africa
they occur in Australia and the Americas

they occur in Australia and the Americas

In which of the following ways did the evolution of the jaw contribute to diversification of early vertebrate lineages?
It increased the surface area for respiration and feeding.
It allowed for smaller body size.
It was the first stage in the development of a bony skull.
It made additional food sources available.

It made additional food sources available.

Which structure of the amniotic egg most closely surrounds the embryo?
the chorion
the allantois
the yolk sac
the amnion

the amnion

There are three major groups of mammals, categorized on the basis of their \_____.
size
method of reproduction
method of locomotion
habitat
presence or absence of hair

method of reproduction

In a typical ray-finned fish, the swim bladder allows individuals to perform which of the following processes?
use its swim bladder as a respiratory organ
remain neutrally buoyant
use its lateral line system
effectively circulate its blood

remain neutrally buoyant

The diagnostic feature of Chondrichthyes is \__________.
a swim bladder
a lateral line system
jaws
a streamlined, torpedo-shaped body
an endoskeleton of cartilage

an endoskeleton of cartilage

If a ray-finned fish is to both hover (remain stationary) in the water column and ventilate its gills effectively, then what other structure besides its swim bladder will it use?
its pectoral fins
its operculum
its lateral line system
its caudal (tail) fin

its operculum

Which of the following characteristics is exhibited by both monotremes and marsupials?
lack nipples
are found in Australia and Africa
have some embryonic development outside the uterus
lay eggs

have some embryonic development outside the uterus

In early chordates, the primitive pharyngeal slits carried out which of the following functions?
components of the jaw
the digestive system's opening
sites of respiration
suspension-feeding devices

suspension-feeding devices

Which of the following characteristics evolved independently in mammals and birds?
jaws
bone
amniotic eggs
endothermy

endothermy

Arrange the following taxonomic terms in order from most inclusive to least inclusive.
primates, apes, anthropoids, hominins, Homo
primates, anthropoids, apes, hominins, Homo
primates, anthropoids, hominins, Homo
primates, hominins, apes, anthropoids, Homo

primates, anthropoids, apes, hominins, Homo

Which of the following groups includes the greatest number of organisms?
lobe-fins
amphibians
osteichthyans
gnathostomes

gnathostomes

Neural crest cells appear on the edges of the neural tube and spread throughout the embryo, giving rise to all of the following structures except \__________.
several types of neurons
sensory capsules in which eyes and other sense organs develop.
teeth
pharyngeal slits (or clefts) of invertebrate chordates
some of the bones and cartilage of the skull

pharyngeal slits (or clefts) of invertebrate chordates

Which of the following structures do vertebrates and tunicates both possess?
a high degree of cephalization
the formation of structures from the neural crest
a notochord and a dorsal, hollow nerve cord
jaws adapted for feeding

a notochord and a dorsal, hollow nerve cord

Which structure in a shark is closest in function to a swim bladder in a ray-finned fish?
its gills
its spiral valve
its liver
its lateral line system

its liver

Living vertebrates can be divided into two major clades. Select the appropriate pair.
the urochordates and the cephalochardates
the marsupials and the eutherians
the cyclostomes and the gnathostomes
the chordates and the tetrapods

the cyclostomes and the gnathostomes

In the figure, which of the following is the sister taxon to the archosaurs?
synapsids
lepidosaurs
turtles
crocodilians

turtles

Which of the following are the only extant animals that descended directly from dinosaurs?
tuataras
lizards
birds
crocodiles

birds

Which of the following groups is the most inclusive (most general) group in which all of the members have fully opposable thumbs?
apes
Homo
anthropoids
primates

anthropoids

Jaws evolved \__________.
from the rasping tongue
by modification of the skeletal rods that previously supported the anterior pharyngeal slits
from arthropod jaws
by modification of middle ear bones
from the bony armor in ancient jawless fish

by modification of the skeletal rods that previously supported the anterior pharyngeal slits

Which of these characteristics contributed the most to vertebrate success in relatively dry environments?
a four-chambered heart
the shelled, amniotic egg
the ability to maintain a constant body temperature
two pairs of appendages

the shelled, amniotic egg

Which characteristic is most likely for an epithelium that is specialized for passive diffusion of materials from one fluid-filled compartment to another?
a single layer of flattened cells
large, cube-shaped cells
loosely connected cells surrounded by an extracellular matrix
many layers of cells stacked together

a single layer of flattened cells

Which of the following changes to the shape of a cube of clay will decrease its surface area relative to its volume?
Round the clay up into a sphere.
Flatten the cube into a pancake shape.
Stretch the cube into a long, shoebox shape.
Pinch the edges of the cube into small folds.

Round the clay up into a sphere.

Which of the following characteristics is shared by all types of muscle tissue?
striated banding patterns seen under the microscope
a response that can be consciously controlled
interactions between actin and myosin
cells that lengthen when appropriately stimulated

interactions between actin and myosin

Which of the following options best describes the structure of bone?
many columnar epithelial cells packed together.
chondroitin sulfate secreted by chondrocytes.
a mixture of hardened collagen and minerals.
hardened fibrous connective tissue.

a mixture of hardened collagen and minerals.

Measuring which of the following amounts would most accurately determine the metabolic rate of an animal?
the food consumed during a meal
the work done by an animal
the energy used by an animal in a given time
the carbon dioxide produced by an animal in a given time.

the energy used by an animal in a given time

Which of the following scenarios primarily involves heat transfer by convection?
As you lie on the sand, you can feel the sun's warm rays on your skin.
You sweat profusely as you mow the lawn on a hot summer day.
The water in the lake is so cold that your legs become numb.
You roll down the car window to allow the cool breeze to blow through.
After sunset, you can feel heat from the warm pavement

You roll down the car window to allow the cool breeze to blow through.

Negative feedback is a method of homeostatic control that \__________.
increases the speed and rapidity of negative responses to environmental stimuli
promotes decreases in metabolic rate rather than increases
produces a response by lowering the set point of an organism's metabolism
reinforces the stimulus, leading to a greater response
ensures conditions in an organism do not vary too much above or below their set points

ensures conditions in an organism do not vary too much above or below their set points

The temperature-regulating center of vertebrate animals is located in the \________.
subcutaneous layer of the skin
thyroid gland
hypothalamus
liver

hypothalamus

Which body system assists with coordination of vertebrate body functions via chemical signals?
endocrine system
integumentary system
excretory system
respiratory system

endocrine system

The panting responses observed in overheated birds and mammals dissipate heat loss by what process?
countercurrent exchange
evaporation
vasoconstriction
acclimation

evaporation

The hypothalamus in the brain releases the hormone corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) that triggers the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the pituitary gland. ACTH travels through the blood to cause the release of cortisol from the cortex of the adrenal glands. If cortisol acts with negative feedback on CRH and ACTH, what would you expect to happen when cortisol is released?
CRH levels will increase, but ACTH levels will decrease
CRH levels will decrease, but ACTH levels will increase
CRH and ACTH levels will increase
CRH and ACTH levels will decrease

CRH and ACTH levels will decrease

Which of the following increases the rate of heat exchange between an animal and its environment?
a blubber or fat layer
vasoconstriction
feathers or fur
wind blowing across the body surface

wind blowing across the body surface

You are studying a large tropical reptile that has a high and relatively stable body temperature. Which of the following observations is best for determining if the animal is an endotherm or an ectotherm?
You know from its high and stable body temperature that it must be an endotherm.
You note that its environment has a high and stable temperature. Because its body temperature matches the environmental temperature, you conclude that it is an ectotherm.
You subject this reptile to various temperatures in the lab and find that its body temperature and metabolic rate change with the ambient temperature. You conclude that it is an ectotherm.
You know that it is an ectotherm because it is not a bird or mammal.

You subject this reptile to various temperatures in the lab and find that its body temperature and metabolic rate change with the ambient temperature. You conclude that it is an ectotherm.

Homeostasis is the \__________.
maintenance of a relatively constant and optimal internal environment
correlation of structure and function
exchange of materials with the surrounding environment
idea that all vertebrates are built in a similar way
cooperation of body parts to form tissues, organs, and systems

maintenance of a relatively constant and optimal internal environment

Which type of cell is specialized to store fat in animals?
adipose cells
muscle cells
red blood cells
bone cells

adipose cells

Consider the energy budgets for a human, an elephant, a penguin, a mouse, and a snake. The \__________ would have the highest total annual energy expenditure, and the \__________ would have the highest energy expenditure per unit mass.
elephant; mouse
mouse; snake
penguin; mouse
elephant; human

elephant; mouse

Blood is best classified as connective tissue because \________.
it is found within all the organs of the body
its cells can move from place to place
it contains more than one type of cell
its cells are separated from each other by an extracellular matrix

its cells are separated from each other by an extracellular matrix

In a physiological system operating with positive feedback, \__________.
the range of acceptable values for a given parameter will be narrower than if the system were regulated by negative feedback
a change in a variable will amplify rather than reverse the change
only a response system and control center are necessary to complete the control systema stimulus will prevent a small change from becoming too large
a stimulus will initiate a response that returns the system to near its initial parameters

a change in a variable will amplify rather than reverse the change

Which of the following is a characteristic of nervous system signals?
They usually impact the entire body.
They allow gradual changes to take place in the body.
They require a voltage change to be transmitted.
They travel quickly throughout the body.

They travel quickly throughout the body.

Which of the following statements is true regarding the impact of the environment on snake behavior?
In wet climates, a snake is more active because it does not lose as much heat via evaporation.
In hot weather, a snake is more active because it can gain body heat by conduction.
In dry climates, a snake is less active because there is less moisture in the air.
In cold weather, a snake is less active because the food supply is decreased.

In hot weather, a snake is more active because it can gain body heat by conduction.

Which organ system is responsible for protection against injury, infection, and dehydration?
integumentary system
skeletal system
excretory system
reproductive system

integumentary system

In a cool environment, an ectotherm is more likely to survive an extended period of food deprivation than would an equally sized endotherm because the ectotherm \________.
expends more energy per kilogram of body mass than does the endotherm
has greater insulation on its body surface
invests little energy in temperature regulation
maintains a higher basal metabolic rate

invests little energy in temperature regulation