Animal Bio Test 1 (Victoria McCurdy) (Mississippi State)

development

all changes that occur from the time an organism is conceived/produced until death

Experimental Variable

the variable that is tested

organelles

membrane-enclosed compartments that perform specific functions for the cell

standard error/deviation

tells how variable a particular value is from the average

isotope

atoms of the same element with a different number of nuetrons

base

molecules that decrease the hydrogen ion concentration

natural selection

individuals with traits best adapted to the environment are more likely to survive, reproduce, and transmit the beneficial trait to the next generation

evolution

a roof that is the characteristics of a population change over time to become optimally adapted to the environment

control group

takes the placebo pill

atomic number

number of protons an atom contains

experimental group

group in which the item tested is given

growth

an increase in the size or number of cells; a part of development

hydrophilic

molecules that can attract water and dissolve; polar

octet rule

atoms are stable when the outer electron shell is full of 8 electrons except hydrogen and helium

polar

unequal sharing of electrons between atoms

nonpolar

equal sharing of electrons between atoms

ion

an atom that has gained or lost one or more electrons

scientific method

a series of steps used to gain knowledge

compound

a molecule composed of two or more different elements

element

composed of only one type of atom; makes up the periodic table

hydrophobic

molecules that cannot attract water or dissolve; nonpolar

theory

an explanation of some aspect of the natural world that is supported by a large body of evidence

hypothesis

a proposed explanation for an observation of the natural world

reproduction

all life reproduces itself either sexually (like animals) or asexually (like yeast and bacteria)

atomic mass

determined by the number of protons and neutrons; average mass of all isotopes of an element (not a whole number)

responding variable

the variable that is measured

buffer

helps maintain a constant pH by releasing or removing hydrogen ions

pH

a measure of hydrogen ion concentration

acid

molecules that increase the hydrogen ion concentration

molecule formula

contains the chemical symbol for the elements in the molecule; numbers indicate the number of each type of atom

probability value

tells the likelihood that results are due to chance

atoms

the smallest unit of an element that has the chemical properties of an element

molecules

2 or more atoms joined by chemical bonds

cells

the smallest unit that can carry out all functions of life

tissues

association of cells of the same type that together provide a specific function

organs

association of 2 or more tissues that together provide a specific function

organ system

different organs working together towards a common goal

organism

a living thing that is self-sufficient

species

a group of similarly constructed organisms that can interbreed

population

a group of organisms of the same species that occupy the same environment

community

all of the different populations that live in the same environment

ecosystem

formed by interactions between a community of organisms and their physical environment

biosphere

all the places of earth where living organisms live

observation

step 1 of scientific method

hypothesis

step 2 of scientific method

experiment

step 3 of scientific method

analysis

step 4 of scientific method

conclusion

step 5 of scientific method

bacteria

unicellular organisms composed of prokaryotic cells that inhabit diverse environments

archae

unicellular organisms composed of prokaryotic cells that inhabit extreme environments

eukarya

unicellular and multicellular organisms composed of eukaryotic cells that inhabit diverse envirnments

reliable internet sources

.edu, .gov, .org

nonreliable internet sources

.com

6 characteristics of life

organized, an outside source of materials for energy, homeostasis, response to stimuli, reproduces, evolution history

proton

positive charge; located in nucleus

neutron

no charge; located in nucleus

electron

negative charge; located in the outer shell

hydrogen bond

an attractive force between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative atom

why do atoms form chemical bonds

to fill the electron shell

what determines the number of chemical bonds an atom forms

depends on the number of electrons needed

4 organic macromolecules

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

what are the major functions of carbohydrates

provides fast energy

4 different types of lipids

fats, phospholipids, steroids, waxes

saturated fats

a single bond

unsaturated fats

a double bond

unsaturated cis fats

good fats; liquid at room temperature

unsaturated trans fat

bad fats; produced artificially

3 functions of fats

Long-term energy, cushioning and insulation, aids in absorptions of soluble vitamins

2 types of nucleic acids

dna and rna

smooth er

lacks ribosomes; functions include lipid synthesis and detoxification of toxic molecules

cytosol

the fluid component inside the cell membrane

lysosomes

breaks down most of the cell's water and foreign materials

nucleolus

located inside the nucleus; synthesizes ribosome components

cytoskeleton

provide cell shape, transport intracellular contents, and provides the locomotion of the cells

golgi apparatus

receives proteins and lipids from the er; modifies the proteins and lipids; packages and ships proteins and lipids to their destination

ribosomes

the site where amino acids are joined to make polypeptides

cell membrane

separates the inside of the cell from the outside environment

nucleus

stores the genetic material

rough er

studed with ribosomes; functions is folding and processing proteins

mitochondria

produce energy for the cell in the form of atp

peroxisomes

breaks down fats and provides energy; synthesizes lipids

look of a carbohydrate

one or more rings (looks like hexagons, pentagons, etc) containing 5 or 6 carbons

look of a aminoacid/protein

a central carbon atom connected to four different (random) groups

look of a lipid

1 glycerol bonded to 3 fatty acids (long chains) (upside down bunny head)

look of a nucleic acid

a phosphate group, a sugar, and a base (looks like a ladder)