APUSH Time Period 8 Vocab D-F

nationalist movements/decolonization

nationalist movements/decolonization

___________ encompassed various campaigns advocating for equality and rights among marginalized groups such as African Americans, Native Americans, women, LGBTQ+ individuals, and others. ____________, a global phenomenon during this period, involved the liberation of colonized territories from European colonial rule, particularly in Africa and Asia. While the United States played a complex role in decolonization efforts, it both supported and resisted these movements based on its strategic interests and foreign policy objectives.

"Third World" countries

_____________ refers to nations that were not aligned with either the capitalist bloc led by the United States or the communist bloc led by the Soviet Union. These countries were often newly independent states emerging from colonial rule, primarily located in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. ________ was a term used to describe their economic and political status, characterized by underdevelopment, poverty, and a lack of industrialization compared to the "First World" (capitalist) and "Second World" (communist) countries.

covert action

_________ refers to clandestine activities undertaken by a government or intelligence agency to influence political, economic, or military events in another country without openly acknowledging its involvement. During the 1900s, __________ played a significant role in the context of Cold War competition between the United States and the Soviet Union.

Suez Crisis

The__________ in 1956 erupted when Egypt's President Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal, prompting Britain, France, and Israel to invade. International pressure, especially from the US and the USSR, led to a ceasefire and withdrawal, highlighting shifting global power dynamics and the declining influence of colonial powers.

Eisenhower Doctrine

The ____________, introduced by U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1957, aimed to contain the spread of communism in the Middle East. It pledged U.S. economic and military assistance to any Middle Eastern country threatened by communism, marking a significant extension of American foreign policy in the region.

OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries)

___________ was established in 1960 by five major oil-producing nations: Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela. Its formation aimed to unify the petroleum policies of member countries to ensure stable oil prices and steady income from oil exports. Over the years, _______ has expanded to include 13 member countries, including the original founders as well as others such as the United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Nigeria, and Algeria.

French Indochina

__________ was a colonial territory of France in Southeast Asia, comprising Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia. The region was exploited for its resources and agriculture. Resistance to French rule led to the First Indochina War, culminating in French defeat at Dien Bien Phu in 1954. This conflict paved the way for Vietnam's partition and eventual involvement in the Vietnam War.

Geneva Conference (1954)

The __________ aimed to resolve the First Indochina War. It resulted in the partition of Vietnam into North and South along the 17th parallel, as well as the independence of Laos and Cambodia from French colonial rule.

division of Vietnam

The __________ occurred as a result of the Geneva Conference of 1954. The country was split into two temporary zones along the 17th parallel: the communist-led Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam) and the anti-communist Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam). The _________ laid the groundwork for the subsequent Vietnam War.

Ho Chi Minh

________ was a key leader in Vietnam's fight for independence from colonial rule. He founded the Communist Party of Vietnam and declared Vietnam's independence in 1945. Throughout the wars against French and American forces, he remained a central figure in the struggle for Vietnamese sovereignty.

Viet Minh

The ________ was a nationalist and communist organization founded by Ho Chi Minh in 1941. It led the resistance against French colonial rule in Vietnam and played a key role in the country's fight for independence.

Ngo Dinh Diem

________ was the first President of South Vietnam after the Geneva Accords. His rule was marked by authoritarianism and political repression, leading to widespread discontent and his eventual overthrow in a coup supported by the United States in 1963.

"domino theory"

The ________ was a Cold War concept that argued if one country fell to communism, neighboring countries would follow suit, just like a row of falling dominoes. It influenced U.S. intervention in conflicts like the Vietnam War.

SEATO (Southeast Asia Treaty Organization)

_________, was a defense alliance formed in 1954 to counter communism in Southeast Asia. It dissolved in 1977 due to internal disagreements and the changing geopolitical situation.

Viet Cong

The _________ were communist guerrilla fighters in South Vietnam during the Vietnam War, aiming to overthrow the South Vietnamese government and unify the country under communist rule.

Tonkin Gulf Resolution

The ________ was a joint resolution passed by the United States Congress. It authorized President Lyndon B. Johnson to take military action in Vietnam without a formal declaration of war. The resolution followed reported attacks on U.S. Navy vessels by North Vietnamese forces in the Gulf of Tonkin.

Operation Rolling Thunder

__________ was a major U.S. bombing campaign against North Vietnam during the Vietnam War from 1965 to 1968. Its goal was to disrupt enemy operations and infrastructure, but it ultimately failed to achieve its objectives and was discontinued in 1968.

General William Westmorland

___________ was the commander of U.S. forces in Vietnam from 1964 to 1968 during the Vietnam War. He advocated for a strategy of attrition and oversaw large-scale military operations, including Operation Rolling Thunder. However, his leadership faced criticism for the escalating costs and effectiveness of the war effort.

credibility gap

_________ refers to a lack of trust or belief in the government's statements or actions, particularly during times of crisis or conflict. It became a prominent concept during the Vietnam War era, as discrepancies emerged between the information provided by government officials and the realities on the ground.

"hawks"

___________ refer to individuals or groups who advocate for aggressive or militaristic approaches to international issues, including the use of military force to achieve foreign policy objectives. Hawks are often characterized by their support for robust defense spending, assertive diplomatic measures, and a willingness to engage in military intervention or conflict to protect national interests or confront perceived threats.

"doves"

__________ were individuals or groups who advocate for peaceful or non-military approaches to resolving international conflicts and addressing foreign policy challenges. __________- prioritize diplomacy, negotiation, and nonviolent means of resolving disputes, emphasizing dialogue and cooperation over confrontation or military intervention.

Tet Offensive

The _________ was a major military campaign launched by the Viet Cong and North Vietnamese forces during the Vietnam War in 1968. It involved simultaneous attacks on over 100 cities and towns across South Vietnam, catching American and South Vietnamese forces by surprise. Despite heavy casualties, it had significant psychological and political effects, eroding confidence in the U.S. government's handling of the war and fueling anti-war sentiment.

Election of 1968

The _________ saw Richard Nixon win against Hubert Humphrey and George Wallace. It was a tumultuous time marked by the Vietnam War and social unrest. Nixon's campaign focused on restoring stability, and his victory marked a shift in American politics towards conservatism.

Robert F. Kennedy

__________, was a prominent American politician and president. Known for his advocacy of civil rights and opposition to the Vietnam War, he emerged as a leading candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination in 1968.

Richard Nixon

________ was the 37th President of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1974. He achieved diplomatic breakthroughs with China and the Soviet Union but resigned from office due to the Watergate scandal in 1974.

"Vietnamization"

___________ was a policy introduced by President Richard Nixon in the late 1960s during the Vietnam War. It aimed to reduce American involvement in the conflict by transferring more responsibility for combat operations to the South Vietnamese military. The strategy involved training and equipping South Vietnamese forces to take on a larger role in fighting the Viet Cong and North Vietnamese forces, while gradually withdrawing U.S. troops from Vietnam.

Kent State University

__________ gained national attention in 1970 when Ohio National Guard troops fired on unarmed students protesting the Vietnam War, resulting in four deaths and nine injuries.

My Lai Massacre

The ________ was a tragic event during the Vietnam War in March 1968, where American troops killed hundreds of unarmed Vietnamese civilians in the village of My Lai. The incident sparked global outrage and increased opposition to the war.

Pentagon Papers/Daniel Elsberg

The _________ were a classified government study detailing U.S. involvement in Vietnam from 1945 to 1967. _________, a military analyst, leaked the papers to the press in 1971, revealing the government's misleading statements about the war. The publication of the papers by major newspapers sparked public outrage and legal battles over freedom of the press and government secrecy.

Paris Peace Talks

The __________ were negotiations during the Vietnam War aimed at finding a peaceful resolution to the conflict. They involved representatives from the United States, South Vietnam, North Vietnam, and the National Liberation Front (Viet Cong). Despite periodic progress, the talks often faced deadlock. The ________ in 1973 resulted in a ceasefire and the withdrawal of American troops, but the peace settlement ultimately failed to bring lasting peace to Vietnam.

War Powers Act

The ________, passed by the U.S. Congress in 1973, aimed to limit the president's ability to commit American forces to military action without congressional approval. It requires the president to consult with Congress before sending U.S. troops into hostilities and mandates that troops must be withdrawn within 60 days unless Congress authorizes their continued deployment. The act was passed in response to concerns about the executive branch's growing power to initiate military engagements without proper congressional oversight, particularly in the aftermath of the Vietnam War.

Fall of Saigon

The _______ refers to the capture of the South Vietnamese capital, Saigon, by North Vietnamese forces on April 30, 1975. It marked the end of the Vietnam War and the reunification of Vietnam under communist rule. As North Vietnamese troops entered Saigon, panic ensued as thousands of South Vietnamese civilians and military personnel attempted to flee the city. _________ led to the collapse of the South Vietnamese government and the establishment of a unified communist government in Vietnam. Many refugees fled the country in the aftermath, seeking asylum in other countries, including the United States.

Cambodia/Khmer Rouge

In the 1970s, ________ was ruled by the ________, a brutal communist regime led by Pol Pot. They implemented radical policies resulting in forced labor, mass executions, and genocide, leading to the deaths of around 1.7 million Cambodians. The regime was overthrown by Vietnamese forces in 1979, but its legacy of suffering persists in Cambodia.

Betty Friedan/ The Feminine Mystique

_______'s "____________," published in 1963, challenged traditional gender roles by highlighting the dissatisfaction many women felt with limited roles as wives and mothers. The book sparked the second wave of feminism, advocating for women's rights and equality.

National Organization for Women (NOW)

The __________ is a feminist organization founded in 1966 to advocate for women's rights and gender equality. It works to eliminate discrimination and achieve social, political, and economic equality for women through advocacy and activism.

Title IX

_________, enacted as part of the Education Amendments of 1972, prohibits discrimination on the basis of sex in any educational program or activity that receives federal funding. The law requires educational institutions to provide equal opportunities for male and female students, ensuring that all students have access to a safe and supportive learning environment regardless of their gender.

Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)

The _________ is a proposed constitutional amendment aimed at guaranteeing equal rights under the law regardless of sex. Introduced in 1923 and passed by Congress in 1972, it seeks to address gender-based discrimination in areas like employment and legal protections. While not yet ratified, efforts to secure its passage continue.

Cesar Chavez

__________ was a labor leader and civil rights activist who co-founded the United Farm Workers union in 1962. He led nonviolent protests and boycotts to advocate for better wages and working conditions for farmworkers, gaining national attention and inspiring generations of activists.

Dolores Huerta

________ is a labor leader and civil rights activist known for co-founding the United Farm Workers union with Cesar Chavez in 1962. She played a key role in organizing farmworkers and advocating for their rights, including fair wages and better working conditions. ________ continues to be a prominent voice for social justice and empowerment.

United Farm Workers Association

The ________ is a labor union founded in 1962 by Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta. It represents agricultural workers, particularly in California, and advocates for fair wages, better working conditions, and labor rights. The _______ gained national attention for its successful organizing efforts and nonviolent protests, including the grape boycott in the late 1960s and early 1970s.

American Indian Movement (AIM)

The ___________ is a Native American civil rights organization founded in 1968. It advocates for Indigenous rights and addresses issues such as poverty, discrimination, and treaty rights violations. ________ gained attention for protests and occupations, including those at Alcatraz Island and Wounded Knee, highlighting historical injustices and demanding government action.

Indian Self-Determination Act, 1975

The __________ and Education Assistance Act of 1975 allows Native American tribes to assume greater control over federal programs and services in their communities. It enables tribes to enter into contracts with the federal government to manage programs such as education and healthcare, promoting tribal sovereignty and self-governance.

Stonewall Riot/gay rights movement

The __________ were spontaneous demonstrations by LGBTQ+ individuals in response to a police raid at the Stonewall Inn in New York City in June 1969. They marked a turning point in the LGBTQ+ rights movement, sparking organized activism and demanding an end to discrimination and the criminalization of homosexuality.

Chief Justice Earl Warren/Warren Court

_________ led the U.S. Supreme Court from 1953 to 1969, known as the "_________" It issued landmark rulings, including Brown v. Board of Education, which desegregated schools, and Miranda v. Arizona, which established Miranda rights. The _______advanced civil rights, criminal justice, and electoral fairness. Warren's leadership is seen as highly influential and progressive.

Miranda v. Arizona

___________ was a landmark U.S. Supreme Court case in 1966 that established the requirement for law enforcement to inform criminal suspects of their constitutional rights before questioning. These rights, known as "Miranda rights," include the right to remain silent and the right to an attorney. The decision aimed to protect individuals' Fifth Amendment rights against self-incrimination during police interrogations.

Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)

____________ was a student activist organization founded in 1960, advocating for social justice, civil rights, and opposition to the Vietnam War. It mobilized young people through protests and educational campaigns but faced internal divisions and dissolved in the early 1970s.

"Port Huron Statement"

The __________ was a manifesto written by the Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) in 1962. It articulated the organization's principles and goals, calling for participatory democracy, social justice, and opposition to war. The statement advocated for grassroots organizing and challenged the prevailing political and social norms of the time.

Free Speech Movement

The ________ was a student-led protest at the University of California, Berkeley, in 1964. It demanded greater freedom of expression on campus and challenged restrictions on political speech. Through nonviolent protests and sit-ins, the ______ successfully overturned restrictive policies and established free speech as a fundamental right on college campuses.

counterculture

The __________ of the 1960s was a movement opposing mainstream values and embracing alternative lifestyles. It rejected materialism and conformity while promoting ideals like peace, love, and freedom. The movement influenced American society and culture, impacting attitudes towards social issues and artistic expression.

"hippies"

_________ were members of a countercultural movement that emerged in the 1960s, characterized by their rejection of mainstream values and embrace of peace, love, and freedom. They advocated for social change, environmentalism, and nonviolence, often promoting communal living and alternative forms of spirituality.

Woodstock

__________ was a historic music festival held in August 1969 in Bethel, New York. It attracted hundreds of thousands of people for three days of music, peace, and community, featuring iconic performances by artists like Jimi Hendrix and Janis Joplin.

sexual revolution/Kinsey Report

The _________ was a period in the 1960s and 1970s marked by greater openness and liberalization of attitudes towards sexuality. It challenged traditional norms surrounding sex and led to increased discussion and acceptance of topics like contraception and premarital sex. The _________, authored by Alfred Kinsey, played a significant role in this shift by presenting groundbreaking research on human sexual behavior, revealing that many previously taboo aspects of sexuality were more common than believed.

Rachel Carlson/Silent Spring

__________ was an American marine biologist and conservationist best known for her book "__________," published in 1962. The book exposed the harmful effects of pesticides, particularly DDT, on the environment and human health. _______'s work raised awareness about the dangers of indiscriminate pesticide use and sparked a national conversation about environmental conservation and the need for stricter regulations on chemical pollutants.

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

The __________ was founded in 1970, amidst growing concerns about pollution and environmental degradation. This period saw rapid industrialization in the U.S., leading to widespread air and water pollution. The _________ was tasked with regulating pollutants and enforcing laws like the Clean Air Act and the Clean Water Act.

Endangered Species Act, 1973

The _________, enacted during a period of rising environmental awareness, aimed to protect imperiled species and their habitats. It prohibited harming listed species and mandated recovery plans to restore populations. The ________ was the first comprehensive federal law addressing species conservation.

Henry Kissinger

__________ was a central figure in U.S. politics and foreign policy from 1945 to 1980. As National Security Advisor and Secretary of State under Presidents Nixon and Ford, he shaped American diplomacy during the Cold War. Known for his role in détente with the Soviet Union, opening relations with China, and negotiating the end of the Vietnam War, Kissinger's realpolitik approach left a profound mark on global politics.

détente

________ refers to a period of improved relations between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War, marked by reduced tensions and increased diplomatic dialogue. It aimed to lessen the risk of nuclear conflict through agreements like SALT, while also promoting cooperation in trade and cultural exchange.

Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT I)

_________, from 1969 to 1972, aimed to limit the arms race between the U.S. and the Soviet Union. It resulted in two key treaties: the ABM Treaty, limiting anti-ballistic missile defense, and the Interim Agreement, which set limits on strategic offensive arms. While not ending the arms race, ________ was a significant step toward nuclear stability during the Cold War.

"silent majority"

The _________ was a term popularized by President Richard Nixon during a time of social and political upheaval in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Nixon used the phrase to describe a segment of the American population that he believed held conservative values and supported his administration's policies but were not actively participating in the protests and demonstrations that were prevalent during that time.

Nixon's Southern strategy

_________ was a political tactic that appealed to Southern white voters disenchanted with Democratic support for civil rights. It subtly tapped into racial anxieties and opposed federal intervention in segregationist policies. While not explicitly racist, it employed coded language and symbols to attract white voters in the South. This strategy helped Nixon win elections in 1968 and 1972 and shifted Southern politics toward the Republican Party.

Watergate scandal

The ________ was a political scandal in the early 1970s during Nixon's presidency. It involved a break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters and subsequent cover-up attempts by Nixon's administration. The scandal led to Nixon's resignation in 1974, marking the first and only time a U.S. president has resigned from office.

United States v. Richard Nixon

___________ was a pivotal Supreme Court case in 1974 stemming from the Watergate scandal. Nixon refused to release White House tapes related to the investigation, citing executive privilege. However, the Court ruled unanimously that executive privilege couldn't be used to withhold evidence in a criminal case. This decision led to the release of incriminating tapes and underscored the principle that no one, including the President, is above the law.

Roe v. Wade, 1973

_________, a landmark Supreme Court case in 1973, legalized abortion in the United States. The decision, by a 7-2 vote, recognized a woman's right to privacy under the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, allowing abortion in the first trimester and imposing restrictions in later stages of pregnancy. This ruling remains deeply influential, shaping ongoing debates over reproductive rights and government regulation of abortion.

Gerald Ford

_________ served as the 38th President of the United States from 1974 to 1977. He assumed office following Richard Nixon's resignation in the wake of the Watergate scandal. ______ focused on healing the nation and restoring trust in government. Despite facing economic challenges and international crises, his presidency is remembered for promoting unity and integrity.

Jimmy Carter

_______- served as the 39th President of the United States from 1977 to 1981. A Democrat, _________-'s presidency was characterized by efforts to promote human rights, energy conservation, and diplomacy. He brokered the Camp David Accords between Israel and Egypt, earning him the Nobel Peace Prize in 2002. However, his tenure was also marked by economic challenges, including high inflation and unemployment, as well as the Iranian hostage crisis. Carter's presidency ended with his defeat in the 1980 election by Ronald Reagan.

stagflation

_________ is a rare economic condition characterized by stagnant growth, high inflation, and high unemployment. It's challenging because traditional policy tools often worsen one problem while attempting to solve another. In the 1970s, the U.S. faced _______ due to factors like rising oil prices and wage-price spirals, presenting a difficult economic puzzle for policymakers.

Camp David Accords

The _________ were peace agreements brokered by President Jimmy Carter in 1978 between Egypt and Israel. They led to the normalization of diplomatic relations between the two countries, ending decades of hostility. Key provisions included Israel's withdrawal from the Sinai Peninsula and Egypt's recognition of Israel's right to exist.

Iran Hostage Crisis

The __________ occurred from 1979 to 1981 when Iranian militants seized the U.S. Embassy in Tehran, holding 52 Americans hostage for 444 days. It stemmed from the Iranian Revolution and strained U.S.-Iran relations. The crisis had significant political ramifications, contributing to President Jimmy Carter's defeat in the 1980 election. The hostages were released following negotiations and the signing of the Algiers Accords.

Panama Canal Treaty

The _________, signed in 1977, gradually transferred control of the Panama Canal Zone from the United States to Panama, with full control transferred to Panama by December 31, 1999. The Neutrality Treaty ensured the canal's continued operation and neutrality after the transfer. These treaties marked the end of decades of U.S. control and fostered cooperation between the two countries.

Moral Majority

The ________, founded in 1979 by Jerry Falwell, was a political organization that mobilized conservative Christians around issues like opposition to abortion and support for traditional family values. It played a key role in influencing American politics in the late 1970s and 1980s, particularly in supporting conservative candidates like Ronald Reagan.

Regents v. Bakke, 1978

In ________, the Supreme Court ruled that while affirmative action could be used to promote diversity in college admissions, strict racial quotas were unconstitutional. Allan Bakke challenged the University of California, Davis' quota system, leading to a decision that reshaped affirmative action policies.