Science End of Year Revision

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering key concepts from chemistry, biology, and physics lecture notes including matter, energetics, genetics, and chemical reactions.

Compound

A substance from at least 2 different elements that have been chemically bonded.

Mixture

A combination of more than one type of substance.

Oxidation

The gain of oxygen by a substance, for example, during combustion.

Combustion

Burning; it requires fuel, heat, and oxygen.

Incomplete combustion

Occurs when there is a lack of Oxygen, which can create carbon monoxide.

Thermal decomposition

Breaking down a substance using heat; the substance must continually be heated.

Displacement Reaction

A reaction where one element higher in the reactivity series displaces a lower one, often causing a colour change or change in temperature.

Reduction with carbon

A method to extract a metal from its ore if the metal is less reactive than carbon; the carbon reacts with the oxygen in the metal oxide forming $CO_2$ or Carbon Monoxide.

Electrolysis

The process used to extract metal if it is higher than Carbon in the reactivity series, where an electric current passes causing metal ions to move and gain electrons to be deposited as pure metal.

Ionic bonding

The transfer of electrons between metals and non-metals.

Neutron calculation

$$\text{Neutron} = \text{Atomic mass} - \text{Atomic number}$$

Rate of Reaction Formula

$$\text{Rate of Reaction} = \frac{\text{Amount of reactant used/product made}}{\text{Time taken}}$$

Activation Energy

The minimum amount of energy needed to make a reaction happen.

Exothermic

Energy is transferred to the surroundings, usually shown by a rise in temperature; examples include combustion and respiration.

Endothermic

Energy is taken in from the surroundings, usually shown by a fall in temperature; examples include thermal decomposition and photosynthesis.

Photosynthesis Equation

$$6CO_2 + 6H_2O \rightarrow C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_2$$

Aerobic Respiration

Respiration that needs oxygen: $\text{glucose} + \text{oxygen} \rightarrow \text{Carbon dioxide} + \text{water}$

Anaerobic Respiration (Animals)

Respiration in lack of oxygen: $\text{glucose} \rightarrow \text{lactic acid}$

Transpiration

The loss of water where water diffuses out of the stomata.

Transpiration Stream

The process where more water is drawn up from the roots via the xylem due to transpiration.

DNA Base Pairs

The four base pairs are $A-T$ and $G-C$.

Homozygous

Having the same alleles for a gene, e.g., $[hh]$ or $[HH]$.

Heterozygous

Having different alleles for a gene, e.g., $[Hh]$.

Density formula

$$\text{Density} = \frac{\text{Mass}}{\text{Volume}}$$

Pressure formula

$$\text{Pressure} = \frac{\text{Force}}{\text{Area}}$$

Air Pressure (Sea Level)

$100,000\text{ Pa}$ or $14.7\text{ psi}$

Upthrust

An upwards force provided by all fluids.

Archimedes principle

When an object is submerged in a fluid, the displaced fluid equals the volume.