Social Studies: US Gov, Econ, Geo, Pedagogy (5154) Praxis Exam

popular sovereignty, limited government, separation of powers, checks and balances, judicial review, federalism

What are the 6 principles of the Constitution?

popular sovereignty

The principle that says the people establish government and give power to it. The government can only function with the consent of the people.

limited government

The principle that limits government authority, and that no official or entity is above the law.

separation of powers

The principle that divides power among 3 government branches: legislative, executive, and judicial

checks and balances

The principle that created a system to enforce the separation of powers and ensure that each branch has the authority and ability to restrain the powers of the other 2 branches to prevent tyranny

judicial review

The principle that allows judges in federal courts to ensure that no act of government is in violation of the Constitution.

federalism

The principle that divides power between the central government and local governments to allow states to deal with local problems.

feudalism

Form of government that is based on the rule of local lords who are loyal to the kind and control the lives and production of those who work on their land

classical republic

Form of government that is a representative democracy. Small groups of elected leaders represent the interests of the electorate.

absolute monarchy

Form of government in which a king or queen has complete control of the military and government

authoritarianism

Form of government in which an individual or group has unlimited authority. There is no system in place to restrain the power of the government

dictatorship

Form of government in which those in power are not held responsible to the people

autocracy

Form of government in which one person (despot), not necessarily a monarch, rules using power tyrannically

oligarchy

Form of government in which a small, usually self-appointed elite rules a region

liberal democracy

Form of government that is based on the consent of the people protecting individual rights and freedoms from any intolerance by the majority

totalitarianism

Form of government in which all facets of the citizens' lives are controlled by the government

Aristotle and Plato

Which Ancient Greek philosophers believed political science would lead to order in political matters, and that this scientifically organized order would create stable, just societies?

parliamentary system

Form of government in which there is a legislature and political parties. The head of the government, usually a Prime Minister, is typically the head of the dominant party

democratic system

Form of government in which people elect their government representatives. There are two types: direct and indirect

the Magna Carta (1215), the English Bill of Rights (1688), and the Virginia Bill of Rights (1776)

The Bill of Rights was based on principles established by which 3 other documents?

27

How many amendments have currently been added to the Constitution?

national, concurrent, state

What are the 3 divisions of powers in the federal government system?

coin money, regulate interstate and foreign trade, raise and maintain armed forces, declare war, govern US territories and admit new states, conduct foreign relations

What are the national powers of the federal government system?

levy and collect taxes, borrow money, establish courts, define crimes and set punishments, claim private property for public use

What are the concurrent powers of the federal government system?

regulate trade and business within the state, establish public schools, pass license requirements for professionals, regulate alcoholic beverages, conduct elections, establish local governments

What are the state powers of the federal government system?

expressed or enumerated powers, implied powers, inherent powers

What are the 3 types of delegated powers granted by the Constitution?

expressed or enumerated powers

Powers that are specifically spelled out in the Constitution

implied powers

Powers that are not expressly stated, but are reasonably suggested by the expressed powers

inherent powers

Powers not expressed by the Constitution but ones that national governments have historically possessed, such as granting diplomatic recogniton

reserved powers

Powers that are not granted to the national government, but not denied to the states

exclusive powers

Powers that are reserved to the national government, including concurrent powers

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

A court case ruling that established judicial review as a power of the Supreme Court

Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)

A court case ruling that upheld property rights over human rights in the case of a slave who had been transported to a free state by his master, but was still considered a slave

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

A court case ruling stating that segregation was a violation of the Equal Protection Clause and that the "separate but equal" practice in education was unconstitutional; overturned Plessy v. Ferguson

Miranda v. Arizona (1966)

A court case ruling that compelled the reading of Miranda rights to those arrested for crimes; ensured confessions would not be illegally obtained and that citizen rights to fair trials and protection under the law would be upheld

Gettysburg Address

A speech made by Abraham Lincoln on November 19, 1863 that dedicated the Gettysburg battleground's cemetary

Fourteen Points

A speech made by Woodrow Wilson on January 18, 1918 outlining Wilson's plans for peace and the League of Nations

Address to Congress

A speech made by Franklin Roosevelt on December 8, 1941 to declare war on Japan and described the attack on Pearl Harbor as "a day which will live in infamy."

Inaugural Address

A speech made by John F. Kennedy on January 20, 1961 containing the famous line: "Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country."

Berlin Address

A speech made by John F. Kennedy on June 26, 1963 containing the famous line: "Ich bin ein Berliner," which expressed empathy for West Berliners in their conflict with the Soviet Union

"I Have a Dream" and "I See the Promised Land"

2 speeches made by Martin Luther King, Jr. on August 28, 1963 and April 3, 1968 and served as hallmarks of the Civil Rights Movement

Brandenburg Gate speech

A speech made by Ronald Reagan on June 12, 1987 about the Berlin Wall and the end of the Cold War containing the famous line: "Tear down this wall."

direct primary system

A party nominating election in which members of a political party participate in the selection of a candidate from their party to compete against the other party's candidate in a general election

closed primary

A party nominating election in which only declared party members can vote

open primary

A party nominating election in which any qualified voter can take part

blanket primary

A party nominating election in voters could vote in the primaries of both parties, outlawed by the Supreme Court in 2000

income tax on individuals, income taxes on corporations, excise taxes, customs duties

4 types of federal taxes:

Council of Economic Advisers (CEA), Economic Report of the President, Joint Economic Committee (JEC)

The Employment Act of 1946 established which 3 entities to combat unemployment?

paying taxes, loyalty to the government, support and defend the Constitution, serve in the Armed Forces as required by law, obeying laws as set forth by the various levels of government

Duties of a US citizen include:

voting in elections, respecting one another's rights and not infringing upon them, staying informed about various political and national issues, respecting one another's beliefs

Responsibilities of a US citizen include:

supply

The amount of a product or service available to consumers

demand

How much consumers are willing to pay for the product or service

scarcity

A measure of supply

choice

Related to scarcity and demand in that when an item in demand is scarce, consumers must make difficult _________

money

The cash or currency available for payment

resources

The items one can barter in exchange for goods; the minerals, labor force, armamants, and other raw materials or assets a nation has available for trade

taxes

Legally required payments to the government for income, goods bought, or property owned

tariffs

Taxes specifically imposed on imports from another country

high unemployment, mortgage rates go up, credit becomes less available, stock market prices drop, psychological depression and trauma may occur

5 effects of economic depression or recession:

environmental degradation, corruption, social tension, dependence

4 negative economic impacts of abundant natural resources:

economics

The study of buying choices that people make, the production of goods and services, and how our market system works

command and market

The 2 kinds of economies are:

command economy

A type of economy where the government controls what and how much is produced, the methods used for production, and the distribution of goods and services

market economy

A type of economy where producers make decisions about methods and distribution on their own

economic freedom, economic incentives, competition, private ownership, limited government

5 characteristics of a market economy:

land, labor, capital, entrepreneurship

4 factors of production:

factor and product

2 types of markets:

factor market

A type of market including the people who exchange their services for wages; people are sellers and companies are buyers

product market

A type of market including the selling of products to people who want to buy them; the people are buyers and the companies are the sellers

geography

Learning about the world's primary physical and cultural patterns to help understand how the world functions as an interconnected and dynamic system

location, place, human-environmental interaction, movement, regions

5 themes of geography:

physical geography

The study of climate, water, and land and their relationships with each other and humans

cultural geography

The study of the influence of the environment on human behaviors as well as the effect of human activities such as farming, building settlements, and grazing livestock

physical location

The placement of the hemispheres and the continents

political location

The divisions within continents that designate various countries

spatial organization

How things or people are grouped in a given space anywhere on earth

latitude and longitude, coordinates, absolute location, equator, parallels, meridians

6 important terms related to maps:

parallels

Another name for lines of latitude

meridians

Another name for lines of longitude

physical, topographic, topological, political

4 types of maps:

physical map

A type of map that shows natural features such as mountains, rivers, lakes, deserts, and plains

topographic map

A type of map that shows the relief and configuration of a landscape such as hills, valleys, fields, forest, roads, and settlements; includes natural and human-made features

topological map

A type of map where lines are stretched or straightened for the sake of clarity, but retain their essential geometric relationship

political map

A type of map with lines used for state, county, and country boundaries

base, topographic, thematic

3 basic styles of maps:

base maps

Maps created from aerial and field surveys; serve as the starting point for topographic and thematic maps

topographic maps

Maps that show natural and human-made surface features of the earth, including mountain elevations, river courses, roads, names of lakes and towns, and county and state lines

thematic maps

Maps that use a base or topographic map as the foundation for showing data based on a theme, such as population density, wildlife distribution, hill-slope stability, economic trends, etc.

scale

The size of a map expressed as a ratio of the actual size of the land

International Date Line

The 180th meridian (180º longitude) where each day begins and ends on earth

cartography

The art and science of mapmaking

globe

The only accurate representation of the earth's size, shape, distance, and direction because it is spherical

conical, cylindrical, azimuthal

3 types of map projections:

conical

A type of map projection that superimposes a cone over a sphere of the earth, with 2 reference parallels secant to the globe and intersecting it

cylindrical

A type of map projection in which meridians are mapped using equally spaced vertical lines and circles of latitude are mapped using horizontal lines

azimuthal

A type of map projection that is a stereographic projection onto a plane centered so that a straight line from the center to any other point represents the shortest distance

Global Positioning System (GPS)

A system of satellites that orbit the Earth and communicate with mobile devices to pinpoint the mobile device's position

trilateration

The process of determining position based on distance measurements from 3 satellites

vegetation zones or biomes and climate zones

2 types of physical features:

vegetation zones or biomes

Forests, grasslands, deserts, and tundra are 4 main types of this physical feature