Biotechnology Test 1 FIU

What is Biotechnology?

Using living organism, or products of living organisms for human benefit to make a product or solve a problem

Biotechnology relies on?

Basic sciences and Interdisciplinary

Experiencing Biotechnology firsthand ?

Eaten GMO produce

treated with monoclonal antibody

flu shot

insulin injection

home pregnancy test

antibiotic

glass of wine

eaten cheese

Selective breeding

manipulating genes to domesticate plants and animals; improve crops and livestock

Plant Domestication

Barley & Wheat - 10,500 BC

Animal Domestication

Sheep, cows ,goats, and pigs - 9,000 to 7,000 BC

Fermentation

Fruit, Rice, and honey - 7,000-6,600 BC

Alexander Fleming

Discovery of Penicillin in 1928

Gene Cloning

ability to identify and reproduce a gene of interest

Recombinant DNA technology

technique enabling DNA to be combined from different sources

started modern biotech as an industry

Genetic engineering

altering an organism's DNA

Human Genome Project

international effort to identify all human genes and their loci

Example of biotechnology applications

Vaccines

Diagnostics

Disease-resistant plants

Food crops that produce greater yield

"Golden rice"

Medicine

Genetically engineered bacteria used to degrade pollutants

Types of biotechnology

Microbial, Agricultural, Animal, Forensic, Bioremediation, Aquatic, Medical

Microbal Biotechnology

use of microorganisms to make valuable produce and application

Ex:scientist manipulate bacteria and yeast to

Scientist manipulate bacteria and yeast to:

create better enzymes

simplify manufacturing and production processes

make vaccines and batch amount of proteins for human medicines

make more efficient decontamination processes for industrial waste removal

Agricultural Biotechnology

genetically engineer plants to make valuable products

Scientists genetically engineer plants to:

be more environmentally friendly and yield more per acre

resistance to diseases and insects

food with higher protein/ vitamin content

drugs developed and grown as plant products

these better plants ultimately reduce production costs to help feed growing population

By 2050

Will need to feed population of 9.1

must raise food pollution by 70%

Animal Biotechnology

genetically engineer animals to make valuable products

Scientists genetically engineer animals to be:

used as bioreactors for producing proteins - antibodies and therapeutic proteins

model organisms- knockout gene experiments

organismal cloning- engineered organs without tissue rejection

transgenic animals

way to achieve large scale production of therapeutic proteins from animals for use in humans

Female transgenic animals

express therapeutic proteins in milk- containing genes from another sources

Female goats

Human genes that code for anti- clotting proteins can be introduced into female goats for production of these proteins in their milk

Gene Knockout

disrupt a gene in the animal and then look at what functions are affected in the animals as a result of the loss of the gene

can determine role/function of gene

Rats and Humans

gene knockout studies in rats and mice can lead to better understanding of gene function in humans

Forensic Biotechnology

analysis and application of biological evidence such as DNA sequence date to detect an organisms unique DNA pattern

Scientists utilize DNA fingerprinting to:

solve crimes

determine paternity

identify human remains

track and confirm organisms that spread disease

determine identity of mystery meats

Bioremediation Biotechnology

use of living organism to process, degrade, and clean up naturally occurring or human-made pollutants in the environment

Scientists utilize living organisms to:

break down oil

degrade human waste

degrade hazardous materials

bioaccumulate heavy metals

Oil Spills

stimulated growth pf bacteria that degrade components

1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill

2010 Deep water Horizon spill

Bioprospecting

Marine plankton and snails found to be rich sources of anti tumor and anticancer molecules

transgenic salmon that overproduce growth hormone

Aquaculture

raising finfish or shellfish in controlled conditions for use as food sources

50% of all fish consumed by humans worldwide

Medical Biotechnology

use of organisms to improve the entire spectrum of human health and medicine

Scientists utilize organisms or their products to provide:

diagnosis of health and illness

preventative medicine

treatment

gene therapy

stem cell

Prokaryotic Cell

True bacteria

small size

no nucleus; DNA located in the cytoplasm, no organelles

Eukaryotic Cell

Protists, fungi, plant, and animal cells

larger size

DNA enclosed in a membrane-bound cytoplasm Nucleus, many organelles

Plasma membrane

double layered barrier

role: cell adhesion, cell-cell communication, cell shape, transport molecules in and out of cells, selective barrier

Cytosol

nutrient-rich gel like fluid that makes up cytoplasm

Organelle

Compartment where chemical reactions and cell processes occur

"Nuclein"

Friedrich Miescher

identified from nucleus

couldn't be broken down by proteases

Transformation

process by which bacteria takes in DNA from the surroundings

DNA- transforming factor

Oswald Avery, Colin Maclead, and Maclyn McCarty

Nucleotide

building block of DNA

Made of Pentose- 5 carbon sugar -Deoxyribose

nitrogenous base

phosphate molecule

Bases: A, T, G, C

Structure of DNA

Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkens

Wire Model

Watson and Clark

DNA molecule

2 strands that join together and wrap around each other to form a double helix

twisted ladder

Phosphodiester bonds

bonds used to hold nucleotides together in a strand

Strand Polarity

5' end and 3' end

antiparallel because polarity is reversed relative to each other

DNA structure held together by

hydrogen bonds

Complementary base pairs

A-T, C-G

Chromatin

strings of DNA wrapped around DNA-binding proteins called histones

Chromatin coils

tightly forming chromosome for cell division

Chromosomes

tightly coiled arrangement of DNA and proteins

Homologous pairs

2 set of 23 chromosomes - paternal and maternal

Autosomes chromosomes

1-22

Sex Chromosome

23

Gametes

sex cells- contain a single set of 23 chromosomes

Chromatid

one copy of a newly replicated chromosome

Sister chromatids

exact replicas of each other

Mitosis

sister chromatid is separated

Centromere

region consisting of intertwined DNA and protein

Kinetochore

protein that attach chromosomes to microtubules- located at centromere

Telomere

highly conserved repetitive nucleotide sequence - attaches chromosomes to nuclear envelope

allows cells to divide without losing genes

Karyotype

way to study chromosome number and basic aspects of chromosomes structure

Gene

sequence of nucleotides that provides cells with instructions to synthesize a protein or type of RNA

Genomes

all of the DNA in an organism's ce;;

Mitosis

somatic cells divide - 2 daughter cells

identical to parent cell DNA

DNA replication must occur first

interphase- replication occurs

Meiosis

sex cells divide - 4 daughter cells

DNA replication must occur first

not identical to parent

interphase-replication occurs

Meisosis 1

Reductional division

Zygote

complete set of 46 chromosomes

Semiconservation

DNA replication results in one original parental DNA strand and one newly synthesized DNA strand

Steps of DNA replication

Unwinding the DNA

Adding RNA primers

Copying the DNA

Helicase

enzyme breaks the hydrogen bonds between complimentary base pairs that hold the 2 DNA strands together- unzip DNA

Single strand binding proteins

bind to each complementary strand of DNA and prevent them from base pairing and reforming a double helix

Origins of replication

Separation of strands

Primase

enzymes synthesizes RNA primers

RNA primers

start the replication process

DNA polymerase

enzymes that synthesizes new strands of DNA

binds to RNA primers

Replication

Continuous along leading strand

Transcription

genes are copied from DNA into RNA

occurs in segments of chromosomes that contain genes

Translation

RNA code is read into a protein

Central Dogma

DNA codes for RNA

DNA-RNA-Protein

RNA Polymerase

Unwinds DNA helix

copies one strand of DNA into RNA temple strand

Transcription factor

DNA binding proteins that can bind to promoters

can speed up or start transcription

Enhancers

DNA nucleotides that play role in transcription

bind regulatory proteins - activators

New class of non-protein coding

RNAi

mRNA

messenger by carrying genetic code from nucleus to cytoplasm where into is read into protein

tRNA

transport amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis

rRNA

short single stranded RNA and are components of ribosomes

3 modifications needed for protein synthesis

RNA splicing - splice out introns, keep exons

3' poly A tail- added to protect mRNA from RNA degrading enzymes - helps with stability and availability for translation

addition of 5' cap- G base allows ribosome recognition

Alternative splicing

multiple proteins produced from single gene

genetic code

universal language of genetic used by all living organisms

Codons

3 nucleotide units of mRNA`

codes for single amino acid

Amino acid

can be coded by more then one codon

64 codons

20 amino acids

AUG

MET, starting point for translation

UGA, UAA, UAG

end of translation

Ribosomes

aggregates containing rRNA and proteins

contain 2 subunits - small and large

forms 2 grooves - aminoacy and peptide site into which tRNA molecules bind

tRNA

small molecules that fold into cloverleaf structure