RIVER CHANGES IN RIVER LANDSCAPES

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10 Terms

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Upland River Landforms

steep V-shaped valleys, interlocking spurs, waterfalls, and gorges, formed by erosion, weathering, and mass movement.

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Long Profile of Upland Rivers

In upland areas, the long profile is steep, causing rivers to flow fast and erode the river bed through hydraulic action and abrasion.

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Interlocking Spurs Formation

Interlocking spurs are formed where the river swings from side to side.

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Waterfalls Formation

Waterfalls occur where hard rock is more resistant to erosion than softer rock below, leading to the formation of a plunge pool and upstream retreat of the waterfall.

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Effects of Lowland on River

When a river leaves the upland and enters lowland, the channel becomes wider and deeper, increasing velocity and discharge.

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Valley Cross-Section in Lowland Areas

The valley cross-section in lowland areas is wide and flatter, often with a floodplain occupying the floor.

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Lateral Erosion

In lowland courses, lateral erosion occurs where the river wears away the sides of the channel, especially in meanders.

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Deposition in River Systems

Deposition occurs when the river loses energy, leading to the deposit of materials on the floodplain.

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Levees Formation

Levees are formed by the largest amount of deposition on the banks of the channel, building up to a greater height than the rest of the floodplain.

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Effect of River Velocity on Channel

Every time the river leaves its channel, the velocity decreases, affecting the potential for erosion and deposition.