chapters 1-4

Integumentary system

The organ system that includes skin, hair, nails, and glands, protecting the body from external damage.

Skeletal system

The organ system that consists of bones and provides structure, support, and protection to the body.

Muscular system

The organ system responsible for movement, maintaining posture, and producing heat.

Respiratory system

The organ system involved in gas exchange, primarily oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Cardiovascular system

The organ system that transports blood, nutrients, gases, and wastes through the body.

Lymphatic system

The organ system that helps defend against infections and maintains fluid balance.

Endocrine system

The organ system that secretes hormones to regulate bodily functions.

Digestive system

The organ system responsible for breaking down food and absorbing nutrients.

Nervous system

The organ system that controls body functions through electrical signals.

Urinary system

The organ system that removes wastes and regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance.

Male & Female reproductive system

The organ systems responsible for the production of gametes and offspring.

Maintaining boundaries

A necessary life function that ensures the internal environment remains distinct from the external environment.

Movement

A necessary life function involving locomotion, propulsion, and contractility.

Responsiveness

The ability of an organism to sense changes in the environment and respond to them.

Metabolism

All the chemical reactions that occur within the body.

Excretion

The removal of wastes from the body.

Reproduction

The process of producing offspring, applicable at both cellular and organismal levels.

Homeostasis

The body’s ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes.

Stimulus

A change in the environment that produces a change in a variable.

Negative feedback

A homeostatic mechanism that counteracts a change in a variable to bring it back to its set point.

Positive feedback

A homeostatic mechanism that enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus.

Axial

Refers to the central part of the body, including the head, neck, and trunk.

Appendicular

Relates to the limbs and appendages of the body.

Sagittal plane

A vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts.

Frontal (coronal) plane

A vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts.

Transverse (horizontal) plane

A horizontal plane that divides the body into superior and inferior parts.

Dorsal cavity

The body cavity that encases the nervous system; includes the cranial and vertebral cavities.

Ventral cavity

The body cavity that houses internal organs; includes the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.

Homeostatic control mechanisms

Processes involving a stimulus, receptor, input, control center, output, and response.

Compounds

Substances formed when two or more different kinds of atoms chemically bond.

Mixtures

Combination of two or more components that are physically intermixed but not chemically bonded.

Ionic bonds

Formed through the transfer of electrons between atoms, resulting in charged ions.

Covalent bonds

Formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms.

Hydrogen bonds

Weak bonds that form between molecules, often seen in water.

Cell membrane

The semipermeable membrane surrounding the cell, composed of a phospholipid bilayer.

Fluid Mosaic Model

Concept describing the structure of the cell membrane as flexible and composed of various proteins.

Nucleus

The cell part that contains the genetic material and controls cellular activities.

Cytoplasm

The material within a cell, excluding the nucleus, containing organelles.

Ribosomes

Cell structures where protein synthesis occurs; can be free-floating or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.

Mitochondria

Organelles known as the 'powerhouse of the cell,' responsible for producing ATP.

Neurons

Specialized cells of the nervous system that transmit electrical signals.

Skeletal muscle

Striated, multinucleated muscle under voluntary control, attached to bones.

Cardiac muscle

Striated muscle found only in the heart, under involuntary control.

Smooth muscle

Non-striated, involuntary muscle found in the walls of internal organs.