Psych 240 Final

Demand characteristics

cues that tell the participants what's expected

The illusion of transparency

the illusion that our concealed emotions leak out and can be perceived by others 

self efficacy

sense that one is competent

the looking glass self

our perception of self is shaped by our perception of how others see us

impact bias

people tend to overestimate their emotional reaction to events and overestimate the time it will take to get over something

unrealistic optimism

increased vulnerability

planning fallacy

we think we’re better at planning and time management than we actually are

self monitoring

tendency to regulate behavior to fit social situation

self perception

process of controlling how one is perceived by others

epistemic motive

when bewildered by random event, people seek explanations

existential motive

faced with a changing world, people seek safety and security to feel in control (conspiracy theories)

behavioral confirmation

people’s social expectation will lead people to behave in ways to conform people’s social expectation

belief perseverance

once we pick something, we insist we always thought that way

the meat paradox

no problem eating a steak but wouldn’t eat a dog

self perception theory

theory that we are unaware of our attitudes

overjustification effect

the phenomenon where intrinsic motivation decreases due to external rewards; bribing someone to do something decreases their motivation to do it

self affirmation theory

people experience self image threat after undesirable behavior

Miller 1975

how people reduce discomfort caused by conflicting beliefs or behaviors

insufficient justification

people change their attitudes to justify a behavior when there is little or no external reason for doing it

gender binary subdivisions

we divide and redivide categories until they’re gendered

Harris 1996

effects of social contexts or individual differences in shaping behaviors and attitudes

Kasen 2006

adolescent development or psychosocial factors affecting metal health with a focus on gender differences, social influences, and risk factors in youth development

Archer 2009

focused on the role of aggression in social behavior, discussing how aggression varies by gender and how it relates to evolutionary theories

normative influence

desire to be liked

informational influence

desire to be right

optimal distinctiveness

tension between need to stand out and blend in

psychological reactance

when freedom to choose is threatened people will act in disobedience

social facilitation

tendency of people to perform better in simple tasks when others watch

prevention of group think

be impartial, encourage evaluation, subdivide groups, welcome outside experts

distinctiveness

distinct things draw our attention

group serving bias

explaining in-group members behavior as situational and out-group as dispositional

Eberhart 2019

how implicit bias shapes behaviors

catharsis hypothesis

old view: letting our anger out makes you less angry

new view: venting makes it worse, it feels good

Berkowitz 1978

proposed that frustration leads to aggressive behavior.

Schachter and Singer

emotion = arousal + cognitive label

the matching phenomenon

people choose partners who are a “good match” or similar to ourselves

ingratiation

use strategies (flattery) to gain another’s favor

self disclosure

reveal intimate aspects to others

social capital

networks, relationships, and norms of trust and reciprocity

Darley and Batson

shows being in a hurry reduces the likelihood of helping someone

Overjustification effect

occurs when external rewards diminish intrinsic motivation for an activity.

social trap

conflicting parties pursing their self interest (prisoner’s dilemma)

fundamental attribution error

explain behavior situationally; others dispositionally

contact hypothesis

intergroup contact reduces prejudice and increases empathy

Osgood 1980

strategy for de-escalating conflict

Brodt and Zimbardo (1981)

stress increases vulnerability to illness

socialization

acquired values and attitudes

authoritarian personality

favor obedience to authority and intolerant to outgroup

fundamentalist beliefs

high religious views = high in prejudice

conformity

in prejudice is socially acceptable, people will follow

systematic supports

promote prejudice thru policies or indirectly

social inequalities

unequal status breed inequality

social dominance orientation

having one’s group dominate another

scapegoat theory

unknown cause —> redirect hostility

realistic group conflict theory

prejudice arise from competition between groups for scarce resources

social identity theory

“we” aspect of self concept, group membership

categorization

simplifying our environment; stereotypes

outgroup homogeneity effect

perception of outgroup are more similar than ingroup members

own race bias

more accurately notice differences between people of own race