Final Exam Anatomy & Phsiology

Anosmia is loss of

A. taste.
B. vision.
C. hearing.
D. smell.

D

The clavicles

A. provide attachments for muscles of the pelvic girdle and lower limbs.
B. provide attachments for muscles of the back, chest, and upper limbs.
C. are part of the axial skeleton.
D. are the strongest bones in the body.

B

An enzyme is a ____.

A. fibrous protein that is part of certain tissues in the body
B. protein that inhibits chemical reactions by being changed or depleted
C. protein that speeds up chemical reactions without being changed or depleted
D. protein that functions as a hormone

C

The more movable end of a muscle is its

A. insertion.
B. source.
C. origin.
D. fulcrum.

A

What is the correct sequence of events along an axon that follows a membrane reaching threshold potential?1. The membrane depolarizes.2. Sodium channels open and sodium ions diffuse inward.3. The membrane repolarizes.4. Potassium channels open and potassium ions diffuse outward.

A. 4, 1, 3, 2
B. 2, 1, 4, 3
C. 1, 2, 4, 3
D. 3, 2, 4, 1

B

Which one of the following is true?

A. Osteoblasts deposit bone matrix around themselves and become osteocytes when they are isolated in lacunae.
B. Osteoblasts are large, multinucleated cells that break down calcified bone matrix.
C. Osteoclasts deposit bone matrix around themselves and become osteocytes when they are isolated in lacunae.
D. Osteoclasts secrete bone matrix and become osteoblasts.

A

Red bone marrow functions in the formation of

A. red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
B. red and white blood cells only.
C. red blood cells only.
D. white blood cells only.

A

The function of the cerebral association areas is

A. to interpret sensations.
B. to analyze sensory experiences.
C. reasoning and judgment.
D. all of the above.

D

A neuron may have

A. one axon and many dendrites.
B. no dendrites.
C. no axons.
D. one dendrite and many axons.

A

When a nerve fiber is polarized, the concentration(s) of

A. Na+ and K+ are higher on the inside of the membrane.
B. Na+ is higher on the inside of the membrane and K+ is higher on the outside.
C. Na+ is higher on the outside of the membrane and K+ is higher on the inside.
D. Na+ and K+ are higher on the outside of the membrane.

C

Rhodopsin is found in ____ cells.

A. lens
B. rod
C. cone
D. olfactory receptor

B

Which action is the main function of the digestive system?

A. Absorption of nutrients
B. Formation of cells
C. Movement of body parts
D. Providing oxygen for the extraction of energy from nutrients

A

In a child, a vitamin D deficiency results in ______, whereas a vitamin A deficiency results in ______.

A. excess calcium absorption; osteomalacia
B. rickets; retardation of bone development
C. soft bones; rickets
D. pituitary dwarfism; rickets

B

Of the four major types of membranes, the one consisting of dense connective tissue overlying loose connective tissue is
A. serous membrane.
B. synovial membrane.
C. cutaneous membrane.
D. mucous membrane.

B

A water solution that contains equal numbers of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions is

A. basic.
B. neutral.
C. alkaline.
D. acidic.

B

Dehydration synthesis reactions _____, whereas hydrolysis reactions _____.

A. use H2O to form bonds; lose H2O to break bonds
B. lose H2O to break bonds; use H2O to form bonds
C. break large molecules into smaller ones; build large molecules from smaller ones
D. lose H2O to form bonds; use H2O to break bonds

D

In the citric acid cycle,

A. 4 ATP molecules are formed.
B. hydrocholoric acid is released.
C. carbon dioxide is released.
D. oxygen atoms are released.

C

The presence of an epiphyseal plate indicates that

A. the bone is lengthening.
B. the bone has completed ossification.
C. the bone is increasing in diameter.
D. the bone is no longer lengthening.

A

The function of the nucleus is to

A. direct the activities of the cell.
B. transfer energy.
C. provide cell shape.
D. form mitochondria.

A

When ATP levels are low, the relationship between ATP and creatine phosphate is that
A. both are required to stimulate a muscle to contract.
B. ATP supplies energy to synthesize creatine phosphate from creatine and phosphate.
C. creatine phosphate supplies energy to regenerate ATP from ADP and phosphate.
D. both have three phosphate groups.

C

The muscle that causes an action is the

A. synergist.
B. antagonist.
C. mediator.
D. agonist.

D

The subcutaneous layer consists of

A. adipose tissue and skeletal muscle tissue.
B. epithelial tissue.
C. areolar and adipose tissue.
D. epithelial tissue and areolar tissue.

C

The type of intercellular junction that forms tubular channels is

A. found in the blood-brain barrier.
B. a tight junction.
C. a desmosome.
D. a gap junction.

D

The pH scale measures the

A. concentration of hydrogen ions in solution.
B. strength of an electrical current that a solution carries.
C. number of molecules of salts dissolved in water.
D. number of hydroxide ions in water.

A

Injury to the visual cortex of the right occipital lobe can cause

A. partial blindness in the right eye only.
B. partial blindness in both eyes.
C. total blindness in the left eye only.
D. Total blindness in both eyes.

B

The fourth ventricle is in the

A. left cerebral hemisphere.
B. midline of the brain, beneath the corpus callosum.
C. brainstem.
D. right cerebral hemisphere.

C

Which of these is not a monosaccharide?

A. Sucrose
B. 6-carbon sugar
C. Ribose
D. Glucose

A

Lipids

A. contain C, H, and O, but with proportionately less oxygen than in carbohydrates.
B. include phospholipids, cholesterol, and fats.
C. all of the above.
D. are insoluble in water.

C

In negative feedback mechanisms, changes away from the normal state

A. stimulate a reduction in all requirements of the body.
B. inhibit all body reactions.
C. stimulate changes in the opposite direction.
D. stimulate changes in the same direction.

C

Specialized cell types organized in a way that provides a specific function form

A. tissues, which build organs.
B. organs, which build tissues.
C. atoms, which comprise tissues.
D. organ systems, which build tissues.

A

Metabolism is defined as _____.

A. the breakdown of substances into simpler forms
B. all the chemical reactions occurring in an organism that support life
C. the taking in of nutrients
D. the removal of wastes produced by chemical reactions

B

Muscle atrophy that progresses with aging is caused by reduction in

A. ATP.
B. myoglobin.
C. the sizes of muscle fibers.
D. all of the above.

D

Nucleic acids are

A. structural molecules that have no function other than support.
B. primary sources of cellular energy.
C. composed of building blocks called nucleotides.
D. very small, simple molecules.

C

Articular cartilage is

A. elastic cartilage.
B. hyaline cartilage.
C. fibrocartilage.
D. found only in the knees and elbows.

B

A general characteristic of connective tissue is that it

A. consists of cells with much extracellular material.
B. covers the outside of organs
C. has no blood supply.
D. lines organs.

A

If a person's right visual cortex is damaged, the injury will most likely affect vision from the

A. nasal side of both eyes.
B. left eye only.
C. right eye only.
D. nasal side of one eye and the temporal side of the other eye.

D

Which of the following is a normal response to excessive loss of body heat in a cold environment?

A. Smooth muscles relax.
B. Sweat glands become active.
C. Dermal blood vessels dilate.
D. Dermal blood vessels constrict.

D

The layer of the epidermis that includes melanocytes and a single row of columnar cells that undergo mitosis is the
A. stratum granulosum.
B. stratum corneum.
C. stratum basale.
D. stratum spinosum.

C

A selectively permeable membrane

A. allows all substances to pass through.
B. allows all organic substances to pass through but excludes all inorganic substances.
C. allows some substances to pass through and excludes others.
D. does not allow any substances to pass through.

C

DNA and RNA differ in that

A. RNA is found only in the nucleus and DNA is found only in the cytoplasm.
B. RNA has deoxyribose and DNA has ribose.
C. RNA is double-stranded and DNA is single-stranded.
D. DNA holds genetic information and RNA uses that information to synthesize protein.

D

A _______ membrane lines tubes and cavities that open to the outside of the body.

A. cutaneous
B. synovial
C. serous
D. mucous

D

Which is true of hormones?

A. They inhibit osteoblast activity.
B. They have no effect on bone.
C. Their action on bone growth is stronger in males than in females.
D. They stimulate ossification of the epiphyseal plates.

D

A hypotonic solution

A. causes cells to shrink.
B. has a lower concentration (number) of solute particles than do the cells in the solution.
C. has a higher osmotic pressure than do the cells in the solution.
D. would cause cells in the solution to lose water.

B

A molecule that carries energy in a form the cell can use is

A. vitamin C.
B. ATP.
C. glucose.
D. glycogen.

B

When the body is placed in the anatomical position, which of the following is not true?

A. The body is erect.
B. The palms are facing backward.
C. The upper limbs are at the sides.
D. The head is facing to the front.

B

An inflammation of the meninges called meningitis usually affects the

A. dura mater only.
B. dura mater and arachnoid mater.
C. arachnoid mater and pia mater.
D. pia mater only.

C

Individuals at elevated risk for hypothermia include

A. the very old and the very young.
B. very thin people.
C. homeless people exposed to the outdoors.
D. all of the above.

D

_______ produce connective tissue fibers.

A. Macrophages
B. Fibroblasts
C. Mast cells
D. osteoclasts

B

Sweat cools the body by

A. conduction.
B. convection.
C. evaporation.
D. radiation.

C

The recent discovery of taste receptors in the small intestine that detect sweetness illustrates that

A. chemical responses occur in only one part of the body.
B. new discoveries about anatomy and physiology are still being made.
C. everything there is to know about anatomy and physiology has been discovered.
D. the molecular and cellular levels are of little interest in anatomy and physiology.

B

A warm surface loses heat to the air molecules continuously circulating over it by

A. radiation.
B. convection.
C. conduction.
D. evaporation.

B

The primary motor area of the brain is in the

A. posterior sulcus of the temporal lobe.
B. precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe.
C. lateral part of the occipital lobe.
D. postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe.

B

Magnetic resonance imaging might be used to

A. distinguish between normal and cancerous tissue.
B. examine an injured knee.
C. obtain a sectional view of the brain.
D. do all of the above.

D

Drugs that decrease membrane permeability to sodium

A. are used as local anesthetics.
B. lessen pain.
C. prevent nerve impulses from passing through the affected body part.
D. all of the above.

D

Which of the following illustrates a positive feedback mechanism?

A. Control of blood sugar
B. Body temperature control
C. Uterine contractions during childbirth
D. Maintaining blood pressure

C

Accessory structures of the skin originate from the

A. subcutaneous layer.
B. basement membrane.
C. epidermis.
D. dermis.

C

Cartilagenous joints are connected by

A. synovial fluid.
B. a joint capsule.
C. hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage.
D. fibrous connective tissue.

C

Bone tissue contains abundant

A. collagen.
B. laminin.
C. fibrocartilage.
D. fibronectin.

A

Energy is defined as

A. something important for chemical reactions.
B. the heat required to start a reaction.
C. the heat given off from chemical reactions.
D. the ability to do work.

D

Which of the following is not organic?

A. Nucleic acids
B. Sodium chloride
C. Lipids
D. Enzymes

B

Osmosis is the movement of

A. ions from a low pressure region to a high pressure region through a selectively permeable membrane.
B. water molecules from a low concentration to a high concentration through a selectively permeable membrane.
C. water molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration through a selectively permeable membrane.
D. molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration.

C

Bitter receptors sense

A. inorganic salts.
B. alkaloids.
C. carbohydrates.
D. acids.

B

Simple squamous epithelium is an example of a(n)

A. molecule.
B. organ system.
C. organ.
D. tissue.

D

The granulations that appear during the healing of a large, open wound are composed mainly of

A. phagocytic cells.
B. blood clots.
C. scar tissue.
D. fibroblasts surrounding blood vessels.

D

Which of the following is an infection?

A. Osteoarthritis
B. A sprain
C. Lyme disease
D. Bursitis

C

Which of the following processes is most important to continuation of the human species?

A. Movement
B. Responsiveness
C. Respiration
D. Reproduction

D

The hard palate is composed of the

A. maxillary and palatine bones.
B. nasal conchae and vomer bones.
C. sphenoid and ethmoid bones.
D. zygomatic and lacrimal bones.

A

Magnetic resonance imaging uses

A. a radio antenna.
B. radioisotopes.
C. X rays.
D. high-frequency sound waves.

A

An organic compound always contains

A. nitrogen and hydrogen.
B. carbon and oxygen.
C. oxygen and nitrogen.
D. carbon and hydrogen.

D

The rotator cuff of the shoulder is composed mainly of

A. adipose and epithelial tissue.
B. epithelium and loose connective tissue.
C. articular cartilage.
D. tendons and fibrous connective tissue.

D

The increase in the number of motor units activated as a result of more intense stimulation is called

A. recruitment.
B. latency.
C. threshold stimulation.
D. sustained contraction.

A

The membrane on the surface of a lung is called the

A. visceral pleura.
B. visceral pericardium.
C. parietal pleura.
D. parietal pericardium.

A

The merocrine, apocrine, and holocrine secretions differ in the

A. amount of glycoprotein secreted with the glandular product.
B. number of cells that secrete.
C. locations of the glands that produce them.
D. amount of cytoplasm secreted along with the glandular product.

D

Synthesis reactions are particularly important in the body for

A. neutralization of acids by buffers.
B. release of energy.
C. digestion of food products.
D. growth of body parts.

D

Collagen is a major component of

A. bone.
B. connective tissue.
C. all of the above.
D. ligaments and tendons.

C

Carbon can form ___ covalent bonds.

A. 2
B. 8
C. 4
D. 1

C

An isotonic solution

A. has a greater concentration of solute particles than a cell.
B. has more water entering than leaving a cell.
C. has the same osmotic pressure as the cells in the solution.
D. causes a cell to shrink.

C

"Catabolism" refers to
A. the formation of genetic material.
B. chemical reactions that release energy.
C. chemical reactions that acquire energy.
D. synthesis of large molecules.

B

A molecule that is common to carbohydrate and lipid metabolic pathways and connects these two pathways metabolically is

A. glycogen.
B. acetyl coenzyme A.
C. pyruvic acid.
D. glucose.

B

During apoptosis

A. mitochondria merge.
B. the cytoskeleton forms large, complex structures.
C. chromosomes join.
D. the cell can no longer adhere to other cells.

D

Pain receptors differ from other somatic receptors by

A. not being able to project impulses back to their origin.
B. adapting much more than other receptors.
C. adapting very little, if at all.
D. being stimulated only when pain comes from skeletal muscle.

C

If the concentration of glucose in the water outside of a cell is higher than the concentration inside,

A. glucose will enter the cell by osmosis.
B. water will leave the cell by osmosis.
C. water will enter the cell by osmosis.
D. glucose will leave the cell by osmosis.

B

Cardiac muscle is found in the wall of the

A. stomach.
B. heart.
C. intestine.
D. blood vessels.

B

Fluid-filled sacs containing synovial fluid are called

A. menisci.
B. ligaments.
C. bursae.
D. tendons.

C

Assimilation is

A. changing absorbed substances into different chemical forms.
B. an increase in body size without a change in overall shape.
C. breaking down foods into nutrients that the body can absorb.
D. eliminating waste from the body.

A

A young man who ran 6 miles a day throughout high school is injured during his first season running cross country in college, and must rest for three months, then gradually begin exercising again. The skeletal muscles in his lower limbs decrease in size during this prolonged period of inactivity. The organelles that break down his muscle protein are

A. ribosomes.
B. peroxisomes.
C. lysosomes.
D. centrosomes.

C

Both acetylcholine and norepinephrine can affect

A. smooth muscle contraction.
B. skeletal muscle contraction.
C. exercise tolerance.
D. synthesis of actin and myosin.

A

In all organisms, the basic unit of structure and function is

A. the atom.
B. the molecule.
C. the macromolecule.
D. the cell.

D

Which of the following characteristics of life and their descriptions are correct?

A. Circulation—the movement of substances in body fluids
B. Assimilation—sensing changes inside or outside the body and reacting to them
C. Responsiveness—obtaining and using oxygen to release energy from food
D. Respiration—changing absorbed substances into forms that are chemically different from those that entered the body fluids

A

Intercellular junctions connect

A. blood cells.
B. cell nuclei.
C. microtubules.
D. cell membranes.

D

DNA replication occurs

A. during interphase of the cell cycle.
B. outside of the nucleus.
C. when a cell requires energy.
D. during mitosis.

A

The femur

A. articulates with the patella.
B. extends from the hip to the knee.
C. is the longest bone in the body.
D. is all of the above.

D

Glaucoma is usually caused by

A. accumulation of aqueous humor.
B. clouding of the lens capsule.
C. accumulation of vitreous humor.
D. clouding of the lens.

A

Oxidation during cellular respiration differs from burning in that respiration

A. releases more energy as heat and light.
B. uses enzymes to lower the activation energy.
C. requires a relatively large amount of energy to start the process.
D. doesn't use enzymes to lower the activation energy.

B

A cofactor is ______ and examples are _____.

A. an inorganic molecule that all enzymes require; cholesterol and calcium
B. a necessary part of some enzymes; copper, iron, and zinc
C. a molecule that destabilizes substrates; carbonic acid
D. an inorganic molecule that some enzymes require; vitamin B12 and B6

B

A biomarker test for cancer should ideally be

A. all of the above.
B. specific.
C. easy to perform.
D. inexpensive.

A

Positive feedback mechanisms

A. usually produce stable conditions.
B. bring conditions back to the normal state.
C. cause long-term changes.
D. move conditions away from the normal state.

D

A sprain involves

A. overstretched or torn ligaments and tendons in a joint.
B. inflammation of bursae.
C. dislocation of bones in joint.
D. overuse of a joint.

A

Transcription and translation differ in that

A. transcription produces RNA and translation produces protein.
B. transcription produces DNA and translation produces RNA.
C. transcription produces RNA and translation produces DNA.
D. transcription produces protein and translation produces RNA.

A

As cells are pushed from the deeper portion of the epidermis toward the surface,

A. they become dermal cells.
B. their supply of nutrients improves.
C. they die.
D. they divide continually.

C