Microbial Genomes and Metabolic Diversity

These flashcards cover key vocabulary and concepts related to microbial genomes and metabolic diversity, preparing students for their exam.

largest and most diverse due to HGT

ALL gram (-)

proteobacteria

prokaryotic rRNA

16 S

4 main phyla

• proteobacteria

• actinobacteria

• firmicutes

• bacteriodetes

proteobacteria classes

1. Alpha

2. beta

3. delta

4. gamma

5. epsilon

6. zeta

Alphaproteobacteria main orders

• Rickettsiales

• Caulobacterles

Rickettsiales have what- and are in what class

• wolbachia

• ehrlichia

• rickettsia

• Alphaproteobacteria

Wolbachia, Ehrlichia, and Rickettsia characteristics

• obligate intracellular parasites

• transmitted through arthopods

• cause human disease (pathogenic)

Caulobacterales have what and in what class

• caulobacter

• Alpha

Caulobacterales characteristics

oligotrophic

aerobic chemoorganotroph

form stalks (extension of body)

aquatic

Betaproteobacteria main orders

Neisseriales

Nitrosomonadales

meningitis and gonorrhea caused by __ in what order

neisseria in neisseriales

nitrosomonadales characteristics and have what

Nitrosomonas:

nitrogen cycle by oxidizing ammonia (bacteria) into nitrite

1st step nitrification

Largest and most diverse class

well-known human pathogens

Gammaproteobacteria

Gammaproteobacteria main orders

Enterobacteriales

Pseudomonadales

Legionellales

which bacteria are closey related to each other in enterobacteriales

• Salmonella & Escherichia

• Klebsiella: & enterobacter

Enterobacteriales (enteric bacteria)

Proteus

Yersinia

Salmonella

Escherichia:

serratia

Klebsiella:

enterobacter

Pseudomonadales have what and what characteristics

• pseudomonas

• chemoorganotrophs, aerobic

• opportunistic pathogens

Legionellales have what and what characteristics

• Legionella

• pneumonia

• can thrive in aquatic environments.

Deltaproteobacteria main orders

• Bdellovibrionales

• Myxococcales

Bdellovibrionales organism and characteristics

Bdellovibrio

predatory species

Myxococcales organism and characteristic

myxococcus: spore forming

have life cycle

Myxococcales life cycle

1. Vegetative: nutrient availability, cells feed bacteria, motility using slime trails

2. starvation: nutrient depletion → swarming and aggregation

3. Aggregation: form mounds

4. fruiting body and myxospore formation: protects cells in unfavorable conditions

5. Germination: triggered by nutrient availability, spores germinate back to vegetative cells

Epsilonproteobacteria main order

Campylobacterales

Campylobacterales have what that do-

campylobacter: causes gastroenteritis, produces enterotoxin

helicobacter: causes gastric and peptic ulcers

• both pathogenic

Firmicutes main orders

• Bacillales

• Lactobacillales

• Clostridiales

Bacteroidetes

A phylum of bacteria that is important in the gut microbiome.

Mycobacteria

A group of bacteria known for their complex cell walls containing mycolic acids.

Chlamydiae

A phylum of bacteria that are obligate intracellular parasites.

Planctomycetes

A group of bacteria known for their unique cellular organization and lack of peptidoglycan.

Deinococcus radiodurans

A highly radiation-resistant bacterium known for its efficient DNA repair mechanisms.

Actinomycetales bacteria

• Mycobacterium

• Streptomyces: antibiotic producers, mold-like morphology

• actinomyces

Gram (+) Bacteria and Relatives orders

• Actinobacteria

• Tenericutes

• Firmicutes

high G+C (Gram +)

.Actinobacteria

lack cell wall

Tenericutes

Tenericutes

Mycoplasmatales

Mycoplasmatales characteristics

• Mycoplasma (Gram +): phylogenetically related to Firmicutes

• ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) → gram +

low G+C (Gram +)

firmicutes

Bacillales bacteria

• Bacillus: produce antibitoics

• Staphylococcus: form clusters and is associated with various infections

• listeria

Lactobacillales bacteria

lactobacillus: dairy fermentation

streptococcus: strep throat and dental caries

Clostridiales bacteria and characteristics

Clostridium:

obligate anaerobes, ferment sugars or amino acids.

generate ATP through Sub-level phosphorylation

Bacillus species grow in

Aerobic conditions:

Clostridium species grow

anaerobic conditions

mycolic acids: in mycobacterium

Long-chain fatty acids found in the cell wall→

thick, waxy, and hydrophobic.

cord factor in mycobacterium

glycolipid → serpentine "cord-like" patterns.

Chlamydiae: Chlamydiales:

obligate intracellular parasites

Chlamydia

gram (-) but lack peptidoglycan

Elementary body (EB)

infectious, extracellular, non-replicative

Reticulate Body (RB)

intracellular

non-infectious,

replicative

Hyperthermophilic Bacteria

produces ether-linked lipids like archaea → heat-resistant, providing

stability in extreme environments.

Hyperthermophilic Bacteria ether-linked-

ether bonds (C-O-C)

R- hydrophilic residue

Radiation Resistant Deinococcus Radiodurans

highly efficient in repairing damaged DNA

resistant to radiation and desiccation

pink and red because of carotenoids