Punnett Squares, Dihybrid, Sex-linked, Pedigrees, Non-Mendelian

Genotype

A set of alleles that are responsible for a certain trait. (letters)

Phenotype

A observable set of characteristics

Allele

The pairs of genes occupying a specific spot on a chromosome; different forms of a gene

Dominant

Stronger gene

Recessive

Weaker gene

Punnett Square

used to predict results in genetics

Heredity

passing the traits from parents to children

Genetics

the scientific study of heredity.

Heterozygous

Two different alleles (Dominant and recessive)

Homozygous

Two of the same alleles

Homozygous Recessive

Two recessive alleles (lower case)

Homozygous Dominant

Two dominant alleles (capital)

Gregor Mendel

The scientist that discovered how traits were passed down from one generation to the next while he was studying garden peas.

Hybrid

Two different alleles, another name for heterozygous

Purebred

Two of the same alleles; Another name for homozygous

Pedigree

A chart is a diagram that shows the occurrence and appearance or phenotypes of a particular gene or organism and its ancestors from one generation to the next

Carrier

is a person or organism that is heterozygous for a trait

sex-linked trait

A trait associated with a gene that is carried on the X or Y chromosome

Autosomal

Any of the numbered chromosomes, doesn't include the sex chromosomes

XX

Girl

XY

Boy

9:3:3:1

Ratio when two heterozygous parents were crossed

Dihybrid

crossing two traits in a punnett square

F1 generation

the first generation of offspring obtained from an experimental cross of two organisms

F2 generation

offspring of the F1 generation

P generation

Parental generation, the first two individuals that mate in a genetic cross

Law of Dominance

In many traits one allele is dominant over the other allele. The "weaker (recessive" allele is only expressed when it is paired with another recessive allele

Law of Segregation

Mendel's law that states that the pairs of homologous chromosomes separate in meiosis so that only one chromosome from each pair is present in each gamete

law of independent assortment

the law that states that genes separate independently of one another in meiosis

Trait

A characteristic that an organism can pass on to its offspring through its genes.

true-breeding

term used to describe organisms that produce offspring identical to themselves if allowed to self-pollinate

incomplete dominance

Situation in which one allele is not completely dominant over another allele, results in a neither allele showing when heterozygous

Codominance

A condition in which neither of two alleles of a gene is dominant or recessive. Results in both alleles showing when heterozygous

multiple alleles

A gene that has more than two alleles

polygenic inheritance

multiple genes influencing one trait

Epistasis

A type of gene interaction in which one gene alters the phenotypic effects of another gene that is independently inherited.

Pleiotropy

A single gene to have multiple effects.

AA, AO

Type A blood

BB, BO

Type B blood

OO

Type O blood

AB

Type AB blood

autosomal dominant

inheritance pattern of a dominant allele on an autosome

autosomal recessive

inheritance pattern of a recessive allele on an autosome

sex-linked recessive

recessive gene on a sex chromosome