Reproduction, Blood Glucose Regulation, and Cell Hierarchy

A set of practice flashcards covering reproduction (plants and animals), basic genetics (DNA, chromosomes, genes), cell division (mitosis), and blood glucose regulation (insulin, glucagon, glycogen storage).

What is the ploidy of human body (somatic) cells?

Diploid (two sets of chromosomes).

What is the ploidy of human gametes (sperm and egg)?

Haploid (one set of chromosomes).

Where are pollen grains produced in plants?

In the anthers.

Where are ovules produced in plants?

In the ovaries.

Where are sperm produced in animals?

In the testes.

Where are eggs produced in animals?

In the ovaries.

What is fertilization?

The fusion of haploid sperm and haploid egg to form a diploid zygote.

What is a zygote?

The fertilized egg.

What does the zygote develop into after implantation?

An embryo, which later becomes a fetus.

What are chromosomes?

Structures made of DNA that carry genes and determine inherited traits.

What is a gene?

A short section of DNA that codes for a specific characteristic.

During fertilization, what happens to the nuclei of the gametes?

They fuse to form a zygote with two chromosome sets (diploid).

What type of cells have two sets of chromosomes?

Diploid cells (e.g., most somatic cells).

Name three diploid animal cells.

Skin cell, bone cell, muscle cell.

Name three diploid plant cells.

Root hair cell, Palisade cell, Guard cell.

What happens after fertilization to form many cells?

Mitosis produces many diploid cells.

What is the basic organizational hierarchy from cells to organism?

Cells → Tissues → Organs → Organ systems → Organism.

What is a tissue?

A group of similar cells organized to perform a specific function.

What is an organ?

A group of tissues working together to perform a function.

What is an organ system?

A group of organs working together to perform complex functions.

What is differentiation?

The process by which stem cells become specialized cell types.

Where is glycogen stored in the body under high blood glucose?

In the liver as glycogen.

Which gland releases insulin?

Pancreas.

What hormone lowers blood glucose levels?

Insulin.

What hormone raises blood glucose levels?

Glucagon.

What is the process of turning glucose into glycogen called?

Glycogenesis.

Where does glycogen get stored?

In the liver.

Which hormone travels to the liver to regulate glucose alongside insulin?

Glucagon.

What triggers glucagon release?

Low blood glucose levels.

What triggers insulin release?

High blood glucose levels.

In the glucose regulation diagram, which organ releases both insulin and glucagon?

Pancreas.

What is the role of insulin in glycogen storage?

Promotes conversion of glucose to glycogen, lowering blood glucose.

What is the role of glucagon in glycogen breakdown?

Stimulates glycogen breakdown to glucose, raising blood glucose.