bio 1202 final

Flashcards of vocabulary terms and definitions from lecture notes.

Evolution

Changes in the frequency of alleles in a population; descent with modification.

Creationism

Belief in God and divine intervention; life was created over six days, and organisms remain unchanged.

Uniformitarianism (Gradualism)

Slow, gradual changes lead to the evolution of modern life.

Catastrophism

Major catastrophic events lead to the creation of Earth; fossils are formed but not direct proof of evolution.

Lamarckian Theory

Use it or lose it theory; acquired traits can be passed down to next generation; drive for perfection, ladder-style evolution.

Darwin’s Theory of Evolution and the Origin of Species

Only the fittest survive, nature favors certain alleles, organisms change over time, large populations are favored, evolutionary tree: all descended from a single common ancestor.

Natural Selection - Directional

Evolutionary pressure on one extreme leads to other extreme phenotype being favored.

Natural Selection - Stabilizing

Evolutionary pressure on both extremes; middle ground phenotype is favored.

Natural Selection - Disruptive

Evolutionary pressure in the middle; both extremes are favored.

Genetic Drift - Founder Effect

Small population with different phenotypes and genotypes inhabits a habitat

Genetic Drift - Bottleneck Effect

Catastrophic event leads to a massive die out and a small population size.

Gene Flow

Migration

Non-Random Mating - Intersexual Selection

Female chooses who she mates with.

Non-Random Mating - Intrasexual Selection

Males fight for mating rights.

Inbreeding

Mating with those in proximity.

Assortative Mating

Mating with similar phenotype.

Mutations - Duplications

Paralogous genes, polyploidy.

Prezygotic Barriers

Temporal isolation, geographic isolation, mechanical isolation, gametic isolation, ecological isolation.

Postzygotic Barriers

Hybrid inviability, hybrid fertility, hybrid breakdown.

Biological Species Concept

Produce viable and fertile offspring = same species.

Ecological Species Concept

Lives in the same eco-niche with similar behaviors.

Morphological Species Concept

Looks different but produces viable and fertile offspring (ex: dogs).

Phylogenetic Species Concept

DNA, RNA, and protein sequencing to show differences and similarities.

Allopatric Speciation

The formation of new species in populations that are geographically isolated from one another.

Orthologous Genes

Genes formed in two different species as the result of similar evolutionary pressure.

Paralogous Genes

Duplicated gene in a single species that can be dormant but used for if evolutionary pressures change and natural selection favors it. Result of mutation- duplication.

Sympatric Speciation

The formation of new species in populations that live in the same geographic area.

Analogous Genes

Genes that have similar functions but do not share a common ancestor, evolved independently due to convergent evolution or other evolutionary processes.

Homologous Genes

Genes in different species that share a common ancestor and similar DNA sequences, indicating a shared evolutionary history.

Autopolyploidy

More than two chromosomes from a single species.

Allopolyploidy

More than two chromosomes from multiple species (hybridization).

Hybrid Zones

Two related populations that were separated and became different species has secondary contact and reproduces to produce hybrids.

Hybrid Outcomes - Reinforcement

Hybrids are deficient and original two species diverge again.

Hybrid Outcomes - Stability

Hybrids survive well but separate species are maintained.

Hybrid Outcomes - Fusion

Hybrids survive very well and two species fuse to form a single population.

Cline

A graded variation in a population.

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

No evolution is occurring (large population, no mutations, no gene flow, no natural selection, random mating, no genetic drift).

Gram positive

Purple gram stain

Gram negative

Pink gram stain

Peptidoglycan

Type of polymer in bacteria cell walls consisting of modified sugars cross-linked by short polypeptides

Taxis

Movement toward or away from a stimulus

Fimbriae

Short hair-like appendages of a prokaryote that help the cell adhere to the substrate or to other cells

Plasmids

Carry antibiotic resistance within bacteria

Endospores

Allows bacteria to withstand harsh environmental conditions

Chemoautotrophs

Obtain their energy through inorganic compounds

Conjugation

Direct transfer of DNA between two cells that are temporarily joined through a sex pilus

Red algae

Subgroup used commercially in ice cream to keep it creamy

Endosymbiotic theory

Evolutionary theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts came from separate prokaryotic cells that, when engulfed, came together to form organelles

Bacteria and Archaea

Single-celled prokaryotes (i.e. no nucleus)

Bacteria cell wall

Made of peptidoglycan

Archaeans cell wall

Made of anything but peptidoglycan (very variable)

4 Eukarya supergroups

Excavates, SAR, Archaeplastids and Unikontes

Excavates characteristics

flagella, feeding grove, are all heterotrophic (even if some are mixotrophic), and have a modified mitochondria

Land plants

Vascular and Nonvascular

Giardia

Excavates organism that is parasitic and causes an infection after drinking untreated water

Kinetoplastids

Excavates causes Trypanosoma (sleeping sickness)

Dinoflageletes

SAR group has 2 flagella and is responsible for red tides

Brown algae

Type of algae produces giant kelp forests

Radiolarians

SAR organism has internal structures made of glass

Macronutrients

C, H, O, P, K, N, S, Ca, Fe, and Mg

Primary root in Monocots

Fibrous root system

Primary root in Dicots

Taproot system

Perenchyma tissue

Thin-walled living cells that perform primary growth. Also the main storage tissue in roots

Collenchyma tissue

Elongated living cells with irregular thick walls. These perform primary growth and provide strength and support while remaining flexible

Sclerenchyma tissue

Made of thick-walled dead cells that have added lignin. These perform primary growth and provide strength and support

Xylem cell types

Tracheids (small diameter pipes with pits ) and vessel elements (large diameter pipes). DEAD

Phloem cell types

Companion cells and sieve tube elements. ALIVE

Primary growth

Growth by elongation

Secondary growth

Growth by increasing diameter

Dermal tissue system

Epidermal tissue and periderm → protoderm

Ground tissue system

Parenchyma, collenchyma, and scelerenchyma tissue → ground meristem

Vascular tissue system

Xylem and phloem → procambium

Transmembrane route

Transport of solutes and water on a cell to cell level through the crossing of cellular membranes (short distance)

Symplastic route

Transport of solutes and water through cytoplasmic connections called plasmodesmata

Apoplastic route

Transport of solutes and water through the cell wall continuum, providing the longest distance of transport via bulk flow

Cohesion-tension theory

Water molecules stick together by hydrogen bonds (cohesion). Adhesive forces pull water up like a chain using negative pressure (tension). Results in water molecules being pulled upwards like a chain or rope.

Plasmogamy

Fusion of cytoplasm from 2 opposite mating types

Karyogamy

Fusion of nuclei

Chytrids

Aquatic life cycle, have flagellated spores and flagellated gametes, linked to parasitic infections of amphibians and diatoms, NO septa

Zygomycetes

Named for zygosporangium (produced from two (n) mating types, usually asexual (despite being named after a part of the sexual reproduction life cycle, NO septa, ex: black bread mold and dung fungus

Glomeromycetes

Live intimately with plant roots, NO septa, hyphae surround and penetrate root cells, forms endomycorrhizae relationship called arbuscular mycorrhizae

Basidiomycetes

Named for club shaped reproductive structures called basidia, sexual reproduction, YES septa, mycelium can produce fairy rings, ex: common mushroom and relatives, shelf fungi, puffballs, rusts and smuts

Ascomycetes

Named for the sac (ascus), which contains several haploid spores, on a fruiting body (ascocarp) formed during sexual reproduction. Both sexual and asexual reproduction are common. Spores formed during asexual reproduction are called conidia. Septa are present. Ex: penicillin fungus, most yeast (good and bad), athlete’s foot fungus, Jock itch, powder mildew of rye (LSD), Dutch elm disease, Blue cheese fungus, truffles

Saprobes

Decomposers of dead material

Parasitic symbiotes

Fungi that live on living organisms; includes dutch elm disease, yeast infections, athlete’s foot, jock itch, corn smut

Mutualistic symbiotes

Fungi that live interdependently with photosynthetic organisms; includes lichen and mycorrhizae

Mycorrhizae

Symbiotic relationship that forms between fungi and plant roots

Lichens

Symbiotic relationship that forms between a fungal species and cyanobacteria or a unicellular photosynthetic eukaryote

4 Specialized tissue shoot gives rise to

Stems, buds, leaves, and flowers

Chitin

A structural polysaccharide of modified sugars that line the outer wall of hyphae

Endomycorrhizae

These fungi grow into the plant root and penetrate into the cortex

Ectomycorrhizae

These fungi grow around the plant root and in between cells of the cortex, but never penetrate into the plant cells

Coenocytic Fungi

No separate cells, many nuclei in a common cytoplasm

Dikaryotic Fungi

Nuclei are in pairs and seperated by septa.

Palisade cells

The topside of the leaf, and they are responsible for photosynthesis

Spongy cells

Layer in the mesophyll that allows spaces/gaps in layer for gas exchange of CO2 and O2 from in and out of the stomata in the epidermal tissue.

Epithelial Tissue

One of the 4 general types of tissue

Connective Tissue

One of the 4 general types of tissue

Muscle Tissue

One of the 4 general types of tissue; composed of muscle fibers

Nerve Tissue

One of the 4 general types of tissue; composed of neurons