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Name the two stages of protein synthesis
Transcription, translation
What does transcription change
DNA to RNA
What is made in the process of changing DNA to RNA
Pre mRNA
What separates the two strands of DNA
DNA helicase
What does DNA helicase do
Breaks hydrogen bonds separating two strands
What occurs after strands are separated
Free RNA nucleotides bind to complementary bases on the template strand
How many template strands are in transcription
Only one
What does RNA polymerase do
Binds adjacent nucleotides together with phosphodiester bonds
What is the final step of making pre mRNA
RNA polymerase binding adjacent nucleotides together
What bonds join adjacent nucleotides
Phosphodiester bond
How is mRNA formed
pre mRNA has its introns spliced out by spliceosome forming mRNA
How does mRNA leave the nucleus
Via nuclear pores to a ribosomes
What does translation transfer
RNA to amino acid
Give examples of proteins made by RER
Hormones, antibodies
Give examples of proteins made by ribosomes in the cytoplasm
Intercellular, enzymes
Give two examples of where proteins can be made / ribosomes are found
Cytoplasm, RER
What happens first in the ribosomes for translation
Triplet codons are lead by anticodons to tRNA molecules
Define anticodon
Specific to amino acids
Define tRNA
A single stranded RNA molecule, that folds into a cloverleaf shape
What bonds does tRNA contain and where
H bonds between complementary pairings
Where does the amino acid attach to on the tRNA
The binding site
What does tRNA do when it enters the ribosomes
Binds to complementary codons
What do ribosomes do to the formation of peptide bonds
Catalyses it
Where do peptide bonds form
Between the amino acids
What does rRNA then form
Polypeptides
What happens when a stop codon is reached
Translation stops
When translation stops what occurs
Polypeptides detaches from the ribosomes
Where are polypeptides processed
The Golgi apparatus
Define a genome
The complete set of genes present in a. cell
Define a proteome
The full range of proteins a cell can producehW
Why is the proteome larger than the genome
Due to the amount of post-translational modification of proteins in the Golgi body
Name two similarities between DNA and RNA structure
Both are polynucleotides of nucleic acids, both contain adenine, guanine and cytosine
Name 2 differences between DNA and RNA structure
RNA doesn't contain thymine, instead uracil, RNA contains ribose,
Describe two differences between the structure of tRNA and mRNA
tRNA is cloverleaf shapes, tRNA contains an anticodon
