socpsy prejudice, conflict & cooperation

socpsy quiz4

social group

a set of individuals with a shared purpose and who normally share a positive social identity

entitativity

the perception, either by the group members themselves or by others, that the people together are a group

interdependence

the extent to which the group members are mutually dependent upon each other to reach a goal.

injunctive norms

how group members are expected to behave. (social roles)

prescriptive norms

which tell the group members what to do

proscriptive norms

which tell them what not to do

role stress

when individuals experience incompatible demands and expectations within or between the roles that they occupy, which often negatively impacts their ability to be successful in those roles

stages of group development

1. forming stage

2. storming stage

3. norming stage

4. performing stage

5. adjourning stage

forming stage

when the members of the group come together and begin their existence as a group.

storming stage

members may attempt to make their own views known, expressing their independence and attempting to persuade the group to accept their ideas

norming stage

when the appropriate norms and roles for the group are developed.

performing stage

when group members establish a routine and effectively work together

adjourning stage

group members prepare for the group to end.

social facilitation

The tendency to perform tasks better or faster in the presence of others

social inhibition

The tendency to perform tasks more poorly or slower in the presence of others

dominant response

the action that we are most likely to emit in any given situation.

process gain

When groups work better than we would expect, given the individuals who form them

process loss

when groups perform more poorly than we would expect, given the characteristics of the members of the group

group process

the events that occur while the group is working together on the task.

divisible task

each of the group members working on the job can do a separate part of the job at the same time

unitary task

has to be done all at once and cannot be divided up.

additive task

inputs of each group member are added together to create the group performance

compensatory (averaging) task

the group input is combined such that the performance of the individuals is averaged rather than added.

disjunctive task

When the group’s performance is determined by the best group member

conjunction task

the group performance is determined by the ability of the group member who performs most poorly.

intellective task

involves the ability of the group to make a decision or a judgment and is measured by studying either the processes that the group uses to make the decision (such as how a jury arrives at a verdict) or the quality of the decision (such as whether the group is able to solve a complicated problem)

maximizing task

involves performance that is measured by how rapidly the group works or how much of a product they are able to make (e.g., how many computer chips are manufactured on an assembly line, how many creative ideas are generated by a brainstorming group, how fast a construction crew can build a house).

criterion task

the group can see that there is a clearly correct answer to the problem that is being posed

judgmental task

there is no clearly correct answer to the problem

social loafing

A group process loss that occurs when people do not work as hard in a group as they do when they are alone 

outcome bias

we naturally tend to look too much at the outcome when we evaluate decision making

groupthink

when a group that is made up of members who may actually be very competent and thus quite capable of making excellent decisions nevertheless ends up making a poor one as a result of a flawed group process and strong conformity pressures

mindguards

whose job it is to help quash dissent and to increase conformity to the leader’s opinions.

shared information bias

group members tend to discuss information that they all have access to while ignoring equally important information that is available to only a few of the members

production blocking

only one person can speak at a time, and this can cause people to forget their ideas because they are listening to others, or to miss what others are saying because they are thinking of their own ideas

group polarization

when, after discussion, the attitudes held by the individual group members become more extreme than they were before the group began discussing the topic 

illusion of group effectivity

tendency to overvalue the level of productivity of our ingroups

not invented here bias

when group members overvalue their own group’s ideas and products over those of other groups

devil’s advocate

an individual who is given the job of expressing conflicting opinions and forcing the group (in a noncombative way) to fully discuss all the alternatives.

social support

approval, assistance, advice, and comfort that we receive from those with whom we have developed stable positive relationships

interpersonal attraction

the strength of our liking or loving for another person

what is beautiful is good stereotype

the belief that external attractiveness signifies positive internal qualities

proximity liking

People tend to become better acquainted with, and more fond of, each other when the social situation brings them into repeated contact

mere exposure effect

the tendency to prefer stimuli (including, but not limited to, people) that we have seen frequently

passionate love

the kind of love that we experience when we are first getting to know a romantic partner

compassionate love

love that is based on friendship, mutual attraction, common interests, mutual respect, and concern for each other’s welfare.

self-disclosure

the tendency to communicate frequently, without fear of reprisal, and in an accepting and empathetic manner

communal relationships

close relationships in which partners suspend their need for equity and exchange, giving support to the partner in order to meet his or her needs, and without consideration of the costs to themselves

exchange relationships

relationships in which each of the partners keeps track of his or her contributions to the partnership.

commitment

the feelings and actions that keep partners working together to maintain the relationship

sunk costs bias

When we choose to stay in situations largely because we feel we have put too much effort in to be able to leave them behind

triangular model of love

an approach that suggests that there are different types of love and that each is made up of different combinations of cognitive and affective variables, specified in terms of passion, intimacy, and commitment

attachment style

individual differences in how people relate to others in close relationships.

secure attachment style

perceive their parents as safe, available, and responsive caregivers and are able to relate easily to them

 anxious/ambivalent attachment style

become overly dependent on the parents and continually seek more affection from them than they can give

avoidant attachment style

unable to relate to the parents at all, becoming distant, fearful, and cold

 disorganized attachment style

blend of the other two insecure styles

steretype

the positive or negative beliefs that we hold about the characteristics of social group

prejudice

an unjustifiable negative attitude toward an outgroup or toward the members of that outgroup

discrimination

unjustified negative behaviors toward members of outgroups based on their group membership

stereotype threat

performance decrements that are caused by the knowledge of cultural stereotypes

social categorization

the natural cognitive process by which we place individuals into social groups

outgroup homogeneity

the tendency to view members of outgroups as more similar to each other than we see members of ingroups

Implicit Association Test (IAT)

frequently used to assess stereotypes and prejudice

ingroup favoritism

the tendency to respond more positively to people from our ingroups than we do to people from outgroups

group-serving bias (or ultimate attribution error)

make trait attributions in ways that benefit their ingroups, just as they make trait attributions that benefit themselves

feelings of social identity

the positive self-esteem that we get from our group memberships. (self enhancement)

black sheep effect

The strong devaluation of ingroup members who threaten the positive image and identity of the ingroup

Authoritarianism

a personality dimension that characterizes people who prefer things to be simple rather than complex and who tend to hold traditional and conventional values

Social dominance orientation (SDO)

a personality variable that refers to the tendency to see and to accept inequality among different groups