UGS303: Jerusalem

Jonathan Kaplan Exam 2

Constantine

Roman emperor who legalized Christianity and transformed Jerusalem into a Christian pilgrimage center.

Julian

Also known as 'Julian the Apostate,' he was a Roman emperor who tried to reverse Christianization and restore paganism.

Eudocia

Byzantine empress who expanded Jerusalem, restored walls, and supported Christian institutions.

Nea Church

A massive church built by Justinian in the 6th century, from stones and columns from the Temple Mount.

Madaba Map

The oldest surviving map of the Holy Land, a mosaic emphasizing Christian Jerusalem.

Heraclius

Byzantine emperor who briefly reclaimed Jerusalem from the Persians in 630 CE.

Khosrau II

Persian emperor who captured Jerusalem in 614 CE and destroyed churches.

Umar

Second caliph who peacefully conquered Jerusalem and guaranteed protection for Christians and Jews.

Madinat Bayt al-Maqdis

Early Islamic name for Jerusalem, meaning 'City of the Holy House.'

al-Quds

Later Arabic name for Jerusalem, meaning 'The Holy.'

Muʿawiya I

First Umayyad caliph who used Jerusalem politically and was crowned there.

Masjid al-Aqsa

The mosque on the southern end of the Haram, holy to Muslims.

Haram al-Sharif

The 'Noble Sanctuary,' Islamic name for the Temple Mount.

Caliph Abd al-Malik

Umayyad caliph who built the Dome of the Rock.

al-Abbas

Founder of the Abbasid dynasty.

Abu Moslem

Key revolutionary who helped bring the Abbasids to power.

Haroun al-Rashid

Abbasid caliph known for diplomacy and supporting Christian interests in Jerusalem.

Fada’il al-Quds

'Virtues of Jerusalem,' literature praising the city's holiness in Islam.

Abd al-Ma’mun

Abbasid caliph involved in Jerusalem’s administration.

al-Hakim

Fatimid ruler infamous for destroying the Holy Sepulcher, which was later rebuilt.

Fatimids

Shi’a dynasty that ruled Jerusalem 969–1099. period of alternating tolerance and conflict, including al-Hakim’s persecutions and later restoration of tolerance.

Seljuks

Turkic Sunnis who briefly controlled Jerusalem before the Crusades.

Pope Urban II

Called for the First Crusade in 1095, head of the Roman Catholic Church and the Papal States

Godfrey of Bouillon

First ruler of Crusader Jerusalem, noted for not holding the title of 'king'.

St. Anne’s Church

Crusader church known for its acoustics, located near the Pools of Bethesda. Its crypt is the cave where the Crusaders believed Mary had been born

Templum Domini

Crusader name for the Dome of the Rock, which was used as a church.

al-Sulami

Muslim thinker who wrote early calls for jihad against the Crusaders. “The Book fo Holy War,” calling it a just war

Saladin

Muslim leader who recaptured Jerusalem in 1187.

Horns of Hattin

Battle where Saladin defeated the Crusaders.

Balian of Ibelin

Negotiated the surrender of Jerusalem to Saladin.

Ayyubids

Dynasty founded by Saladin.

Nachmanides

Jewish scholar who revitalized Jewish life in Jerusalem during the 13th century.

Richard I the Lionheart

Led the Third Crusade; negotiated peace but did not retake Jerusalem.

Treaty of Jaffa

Allowed Christian pilgrimage while Jerusalem remained under Muslim control.

al-Kamil

Ayyubid ruler who negotiated with Crusaders and ceded Jerusalem temporarily.

Treaty of Jaffa and Tell Ajul

1229 treaty that returned Jerusalem to the Crusaders.

Mamluks

Military rulers who later controlled Jerusalem and restored Islamic dominance.

Suleiman I

Ottoman sultan who rebuilt Jerusalem’s walls.

Charles V

Holy Roman Emperor and political rival of Suleiman.

Napoleon’s Letter to the Jews

A declaration promising Jewish restoration, though never implemented.

Judah he-Hasid

Led a Jewish immigration movement; his followers built the Hurva Synagogue.

Ḥurva Synagogue

name means “The Ruin”? It is a historic Jewish synagogue in Jerusalem, originally founded around 1700

Naqib al-Ashraf Revolt

Local revolt against Ottoman authority.

Palm Sunday Rebellion of 1757

Christian sectarian violence over control of holy sites.

Holy Sepulcher Fire of 1808

A fire that destroyed much of the church and led to European intervention for rebuilding.

Mehmet Ali

Egyptian ruler whose reforms opened Palestine to foreigners.

American Colony

U.S. Christian commune that provided aid to locals.

Moses Montefiore

British Jewish philanthropist who constructed Jewish neighborhoods.

Russian Compound

Russian pilgrimage center that reflects Russian influence.

Samuel Clemens

known as Mark Twain; his writings heightened Western interest in the Holy Land.

Dreyfus Affair

French antisemitism case that pushed Theodor Herzl toward Zionism.

Theodor Herzl

Founder of modern political Zionism.

David Lloyd George

British Prime Minister who supported the Balfour Declaration.

Second Aliyah

Wave of Jewish immigration to Palestine from 1904 to 1914.

Filastin

Early Palestinian Arabic newspaper promoting nationalism.

Kaiser Wilhelm

German emperor who visited Jerusalem in 1898.

David Ben Gurion

Future first prime minister of Israel.

Sykes-Picot Agreement

Secret division of the Middle East by Britain and France.

Balfour Declaration

British support for the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine.

Chaim Weizmann

Zionist leader who later became the first Israeli president.

Sherif Hussein

Leader of the Arab Revolt in World War I.

Edmund Allenby

British general who captured Jerusalem in 1917.

Haj Amin al-Husseini

Grand Mufti of Jerusalem and key Palestinian nationalist.

Herbert Samuel

First British High Commissioner of the Mandate for Palestine.

Arab Revolt of 1936

Palestinian uprising against British rule and Jewish immigration.

Peel Commission

First formal partition plan proposed in 1937.

King David Hotel Bombing

Irgun attack on British headquarters in 1946.

UNSCOP Proposal

1947 United Nations partition plan for Palestine.

Deir Yassin massacre

Attack by Jewish militias that intensified Arab flight.

Mount Scopus convoy massacre

Attack on a Jewish medical convoy.

Yitzhak Rabin

Israeli commander in 1948, later became prime minister.

Burma Road

Supply route to Jerusalem during the siege in 1948.

Operation Nachshon

First major Israeli offensive to open the road to Jerusalem.

King Abdullah

Jordanian ruler who annexed East Jerusalem after 1948.

Fedayeen

Palestinian guerrilla fighters.

Abdul Nasser

Egyptian president and champion of Pan-Arabism.

Palestinian National Charter (1964)

Document that defined Palestinian national goals.

Pan-Arabism

Ideology aimed at uniting all Arab states politically.

1967 War

Also known as the Six-Day War, during which Israel captured East Jerusalem, led by Nasser and a coalition of Arab states

Moshe Dayan

Israeli defense minister during the 1967 War.

UN Resolution 242

Resolution calling for territorial compromise after the 1967 War.

Yerushalayim shel Zahav

Israeli song that celebrates united Jerusalem.

Zahrat al-Mada’en

Popular Arab song mourning the loss of Jerusalem.

1968 Palestinian National Charter

Revised goals and resolution of the Palestinian national movement after 1967.

Yom Kippur War

1973 Arab surprise attack on Israel.

Henry Kissinger

U.S. Secretary of State who led diplomacy following the Yom Kippur War.

Anwar Sadat

Egyptian president who made peace with Israel.

Camp David Accords

1978 framework for peace between Egypt and Israel.

First Intifada

Mass Palestinian uprising that began in 1987.

Factors leading to the First Intifada

Long-term discontent, Israeli occupation hardships, nationalism, and a triggering incident in Gaza.

Four factors that led to the Crusades

1. Religious motivation/pilgrimage rights

2. Appeal from Byzantium for help

3. European social/military pressures

4. Desire for land, wealth, and indulgences

Impact of early Islam on Jerusalem

Muslims made Jerusalem a holy city, built major shrines, but allowed Christians/Jews to stay, worship, and manage their institutions under protected-minority status.

Impact of Helena (Constantine’s mother)

played a crucial role in establishing Christianity as a prominent religion by promoting its practices, constructing churches, and recognizing sacred sites, including those in Jerusalem.

Key architectural features of the 4th-century Church of the Holy Sepulcher

include the rotunda, an underground tomb, and intricate mosaics, symbolizing the resurrection of Christ.

Why Saladin challenged Crusader power

Crusader attacks on Muslim pilgrims, his goal of unifying Muslim lands, and the need to stop Frankish expansion.

Impact of Suleiman I

Rebuilt walls, revitalized the city, improved water systems, and supported religious pluralism. Replaced mosaics, repaired structural damage, added tiles, and beautified the exterior of the Dome of the Rock

European interest in Jerusalem 18thc

Christian rivalries, missionary expansion, pilgrimage growth, and weakening Ottoman control.

European interest in Jerusalem 19thc

Biblical archaeology, missionary activity, imperial rivalry, Ottoman reforms.

Boundaries of Jerusalem after 1948War

City was divided: Israel controlled West Jerusalem; Jordan controlled East Jerusalem and the Old City.

This complicates present-day negotiations due to overlapping religious/national claims.

Jerusalem after the 1948 war

Division, population transfers, and restricted access to holy sites, especially for jews. Israel west, Jordan east.