Monday Exams

While early modern audiences expected men to outwardly defend their honour through physical violence,

the greatest psychological terror in Renaissance drama often came from Machiavellian villains who bypassed the blade entirely to manipulate the minds of others.

In Othello, these traits are manifested exactly through Iago,

a character whose entire strategy relies on his constructed reputation as a plain-speaking, honest soldier

By recognising the significance of reputation in Renaissance society, Iago hides behind a falsified persona for his own personal gain

Through Othello's trust in Iago's constructed reputation, Shakespeare explores how prioritising reputation over reality can enable manipulation and lead to catastrophic consequences.

Paragraph 1 - Iago establishes a false identity

• I am not what I am

• We cannot all be masters, nor all masters

I am

Not what I am

We cannot all be masters

Nor all masters

Paragraph 2 - Othello trusts Iago

• I know, Iago. Thy honest and love doth mince this matter

• My Lord, you know I love you - I think thou dost

I know, Iago.

Thy honest and love doth mince this matter

My Lord, you know I love you

I think thou dost

Paragraph 3 - Collapse of Iago's reputation exposes the consequences

• Honest, honest Iago

• You told an odious, damned lie

• Why hath he ensnared my soul and body?

Honest,

honest Iago

You told an odious,

damned lie

Why hath he ensnared

My soul and my body

While Shakespeare presents the interracial love between Othello and Desdemona as a transformative bond

capable of defying Venetian social conventions, it is ultimately subverted by internalised insecurities and oppressive societal barriers.

This breakdown reveals how easily private intimacy can be

poisoned when individuals adopt the prejudices of their environment.

Paragraph 1 - Love breaks the interracial and social barriers

• She loved me for the dangers I had passed, and I loved her that she did pity them.

• I did love the Moor to live with him…to his honours and his valiant parts / Did I my soul and fortunes consecrate.

• Your son-in-law is far more fair than black.

She loved me for the dangers I had passed,

and I loved her that she did pity them.

I did love the Moor to live with him…to his

honours and his valiant parts / Did I my soul and fortunes consecrate.

Your son-in-law is

far more fair than black.

Paragraph 2 - The infiltration of insecurity

• Haply, for I am black / And have not those soft parts of conversation / That chamberers have…

• She did deceive her father, marrying you; / And when she seem'd to shake and fear your looks, / She lov'd them most.

• Her name, that was as fresh / As Dian's visage, is now begrimed and black / As mine own face.

Haply, for I am black / And have not those

oft parts of conversation / That chamberers have…

She did deceive her father, marrying you; / And when she

 seem'd to shake and fear your looks, / She lov'd them most.

Her name, that was as fresh / As Dian's visage,

is now begrimed and black / As mine own face.

Paragraph 3 - Breakdown of Love

• Yet she must die, else she'll betray more men.

• O curse of marriage!

• O, the more angel she, / And you the blacker devil!

Yet she must die,

else she'll betray more men.

O curse

of marriage!

O, the more angel she,

/ And you the blacker devil!

What externality is this?

Negative, Production

What externality is this?

Negative, Consumption

What externality is this?

Positive, Production

What externality is this?

Positive, Consumption

What is the MPC?

Marginal Private cost, Cost of supply

What is the MSC?

Marginal Social Cost, true cost to society

What is the MPB?

Marginal Private Benefit, where consumption is economically optimal

What is the MSB?

Marginal Social Benefit, where consumption is socially optimal

Is the MSC inward or outward from the MPC

Inward in neg production, Outward pos production

Is the MSB inward or outward from the MPB

Inward in neg consumption, Outward pos consumption

What is irrational behaviour in markets

Where consumers do not prioritise somethings utility, and producers do not seek optimal efficiency

What are the 4 things that make a market optimally efficient

Productive, Technical, Allocative, Dynamic

What is productive/technical efficiency

Maximised outputs from given inputs

What is allocative efficiency

Making products that meet consumer demand

What is dynamic efficiency

Innovation to meet changing needs

What is the law of diminishing returns?

Once the most efficient production level has been reached, adding extra may cause a smaller output increase

What is a Pigouvian tax?

A tax charged on goods that impact a third party (Negative externalities)

What is a subsidy

Financial support given by the Government to encourage a good thing (Positive externalities)

What is inequality?

The unequal distribution of income among a population

What is a Lorenz Curve

The cumulative distribution of income in a population, used to visualise inequality

What does a Gini coefficient of ~3.2% mean

Small proportion of low-income earners, small proportion of high-income earners

What does a Gini coefficient of >5% mean

Very few high income earners that hold most income

What is complete market failure?

Where a market is not productively/technically, allocatively, and dynamically efficient

What are price ceilings

Limiting how high the price of something can be (E.G Rent)

What are price floors

Setting a minimum price something can be (E.G Minimum wage laws)

What’s on the y axis of a Lorenz Curve

% of Income

What’s on the x axis of a Lorenz Curve

% of Population

What curve on externality graphs points right

Cost

What curve on externality graphs points left

Benefit

What way does the deadweight loss point on Negative graphs

To the left

What way does the deadweight loss point on Positive graphs

To the right