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Introduction to Statistics
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19 Terms
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1
Statistics
A branch of applied mathematics that involves the collection and interpretation of data to draw conclusions about observations.
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2
Descriptive Statistics
Used to summarize and visualize data, addressing measures of central tendency and variation.
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3
Inferential Statistics
A set of procedures used to analyze samples to make inferences about a population.
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4
Continuous Data
Data that can take on any value within a given range and can be expressed in fractions or decimals.
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5
Categorical Data
Data that can be divided into groups or categories that do not have numerical value.
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6
Independent Variable (IV)
A variable that is manipulated in an experiment to observe its effects on the dependent variable.
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7
Dependent Variable (DV)
The variable that is measured or observed in an experiment, which is affected by the independent variable.
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8
Nominal Data
Categorical data that represents labels without implying any quantitative value.
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9
Ordinal Data
Ranked categorical data where the categories have a meaningful order but not equal intervals.
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10
Interval Data
Data with equal increments between values but without a true zero point, meaning zero does not indicate absence.
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11
Ratio Data
Data measured in equal increments with a true zero point, where zero indicates absence of the variable.
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12
Population
The entire group of individuals or instances that meet a set of criteria in a study.
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13
Sample
A subset of the population used to gather insights about the larger population.
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14
Null Hypothesis
A statement in a study that assumes no effect or relationship exists between variables.
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15
Research Hypothesis
A statement predicting an effect or relationship between variables to be tested in a study.
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16
Random Sampling
A sampling method where each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected.
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17
Parametric Statistics
Techniques used with interval or ratio data that assume normal distribution.
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18
Non-Parametric Statistics
Techniques used with nominal and ordinal data or interval and ratio data that is not normally distributed.
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19
Count Data
Data that represents counts, typically discrete, and can be both categorical and continuous.
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