ORALCOM Q1 1ST HALF

communication

 - process of transmitting information and understanding

  - the transmitted information must be understood by the receiver

  - generating meaning through verbal or nonverbal signs

  - influenced by different environments

  - “to make known”

  - “to pass news to and from, who says what, which channel, to whom, with what effect”

1) human activity

2) complex process

3) verbal and nonverbal

4) audio and visual

nature of communication

human activity

- communication as a process humans do

- complex activity that requires cognitive skills

complex process

- communication is always ongoing and changing

- communication is influenced by past experiences, present events, and future expectations

- communication is dynamic

audio

communiction that uses sounds

visual

communication that uses pictures, drawings, illustrations, graphic organizers, etc.

1) sender

2) message

3) encoding

4) channel

5) receiver

6) decoding

7) feedback

process of communication in order

sender

- initiates communication

- someone who intends to pass ideas and information

message

- the idea being conveyed

- why?

encoding

- process of translating the message into something that is understandable (words, actions, pictures)

channel

- the manner of how the message is sent

- how?

receiver

- the target of the message

decoding

- a mental process where the receiver understands the message

feedback

- the message sent back by the receiver to the sender

- the receiver becomes the sender

process noise

- also called interference or barriers

  - anything that hampers successful understanding of a message

- elements which may block the communication

1) physical noise

2) semantic noise

3) psychological noise

4) physiological noise

types of noise

physical noise

- external distractions in a conversation

semantic noise

- hinders understanding due to vagueness in words, sentences, or symbols

- words are not mutually understood

physiological noise

- distractions from the physical conditions or states within a communicator’s body

psychological noise

- centers on one’s field of experience, how one filters information, and one’s relationship towards the other person involved in the conversation

1) field of experience

2) filtering

3) psychological distance

Concepts associated with psychological and social barriers:

psychological distance

- involves behaviors between people

filtering

- selective hearing

field of experience

- the more different you are to the other, the more you are likely to encounter barriers

roman jakobson, michael halliday, bronislaw malinowski

who made the theory of functions of communication

regulation and control

directs the behavior of human beings

imperative

commands or request

rhetorical questions

questions that function like a request

declarative

implied statements

social interaction

communication as how people talk, react, act towards each other

1) initiate relationships

2) build relationships

3) sustain relationships

4) transaction or exchange

5) accomplishment of goals

purpose of social interaction

information

communication by giving ang getting information

giving information

through statements or answers

getting information

by asking questions

motivation

communication to cause people to decide or act on something

emotional expression

commonly expressed nonverbally

1) social interaction

2) motivation

3) information

4) regulation and control

5) emotional expression

functions of communication

intercultural communication

 - interaction between people whose perceptions and symbol systems are distinct

  - could be distinct enough to alter events

  - differing cultural groups affects communication processes

1) gender identity

2) age identity

3) class identity

4) religious identity

5) racial/national identity

Factors that affect intercultural communication:

gender identity

- how culture assigns gender roles

- meanings in self-image and other images of femaleness, maleness

age identity

- behaving in a manner expected of one’s age

- how one may present him/herself

class identity

- one’s social and economic status

religious identity

- influences how one behaves and what one believes

- ethics, moral, standards

racial/national identity

- one’s national citizenship or legal status in a country

1)ethnocentrism

2) stereotyping

3) prejudice or bias

4) discrimination

Barriers in intercultural communication

ethnocentrisml

belief that one’s culture is better than others

xenocentrism

 - belief that one’s culture is inferior

stereotyping

mental categorization that is often inaccurate of a representation of a group of people

prejudice or bias

 positive or negative feeling held towards individuals belonging to a particular, race, social class, religion, and sexual identity, etc.

discrimination

negative behavior caused by prejudice or stereotypes

- verbal insults, avoidance, physical violence, genocide

1) motivation

2) cultural knowledge

3) communication skills

4) sensitivity

5) character

Competences for intercultural communication:

verbal communication

 - spoken language

  - made of symbols

language

- collection of symbols, letters, words

  - governed by rules

  - used for communication

  - it is arbitrary

symbols

  - a representation of thoughts, ideas, emotions and objects

1) arbitrary

2) ambiguous

3) abstract

3As of verbal communication

arbitrary

- words are not basically connected to what they represent

- it is agreed upon by people

ambiguous

words may vary based on context

abstract

- words can represent ideas, emotions, etc.

- words can represent not only physical objects

semantics

- study of the meaning of words

syntax

- how words are arranged in a sentence

pragmatics

- study of language used in a social context

monosemic

- words with only one meaning

polysemic

- words may have multiple meanings

denotative

- dictionary meaning of words

connotative

- emotional meaning of words

non-verbal communication

 use of body gestures, facial expressions, and others that does not involve the use of words in communication

1) repeating

2) complementing

3) emphasizing

4) substituting

5) contradicting

6) regulating

nonverbal communication can help in

repeating

- same message is sent verbally and non-verbally

complementing

- adds meaning to a verbal message

emphasizing

- for strengthening the message

substituting

- using nonverbal gestures instead of verbal communication

contradicting

verbal and nonverbal message can sometimes conflict

regulating

- for monitoring and controlling interactions

proxemics

- individual’s perception and use of space

1) intimate distance

2) personal distance

3) social distance

4) public distance

types of distances by edward hall

kinesics

study of body movements

1) facial expression

2) eye movement

3) gesture

4) posture

5) walking speed

kinesics include

paralanguage or paralinguistics

variations in speech

- message of the voice

pitch

highness or lowness of the voice

volume

loudness or softness of the voice

rate

speed of delivery

articulation

pronunciation of each sound

pronunciation

includes stress, rhythm, intonation

silence

most misunderstood paralinguistics

haptics

- nonverbal behaviour that involves touch

- may vary from gender

chronemics

- the way people organize time

objectics

- use of artifacts or objects that can relay messages

Verbal 7%

Nonverbal 55%

Paralinguistics 38%

Mehrabian’s Model percentage of communication usage

1) proxemics

2) kinesics

3) facial and eye behavior

4) paralanguage/paralinguistics

5) haptics

6) objectics

7) chronemicsl

types of nonverbal communication

1) aristotle

2) harold laswell’s

3) claude shannon-weaver’s

4) wilbur schramm’s

5) david berlo’s

communication models

aristotle’s model

- Elements: speaker, message, audience

- one is to many

- speaker should know the audience

harold laswell’s model

- communication must have an effect

- focuses on the effect of the message

1) sender

2) message

3) channel

4) receiver

5) effect

elements of communication according to laswell’s model

claude shannon-weaver’s

- transmission model

- “wired” communication

- concerned with the process of communication

wilbur schramm’s model

- explains problems in human communication

- defines communication as a dynamic interaction

- a more shared field of experience between two conversing people is likely to have a successful communication

david berlo’s model

- believes that communication is successful of the sender and receiver are both skilled

- model of the ingredients in communication