Living Environment Willink Red 8 2022 October Review Test Study Flashcards. version 2

organic compound

compound of carbon and another element (hydrogen)

organic compounds

_______________________ are found in living things (make up all living things - carbon and hydrogen)

dehydration synthesis

_____________________________ is when two smaller molecules combined and H20 is a byproduct

hydrolysis

_________________ is when a large molecule is broken down into smaller molecules and H20 is added.

amino acid

monomer of protein molecules

20

number of amino acids that can be combined to form an almost endless number of proteins

R

___ is the letter that shows it is a side chain from amino acids. can stand for 20 different amino acids

the structure of a protein

______________________________ is a curly structure, can have different shape depending on order of amino acids

peptide bond

a __________________ connects two amino acids to make a protein

catalysts

____________ speed up reactions

enzyme

an ____________ is an organic protein that speeds up reactions (catalyst) in the human body

denatured enzyme

when the active site of the enzyme has been changed so that it no longer fits with the substrate originally intended to bond with

denature

______________ is to change the shape of the active site of an enzyme so that it no longer fits with the substrate it is originally intended to bond with

lock and key

the enzyme stays the same while in the process of ____________________

lock and key

when substrate is broken down (dehydration synthesis) or put together (hydrolysis) at the active site of an enzyme and bonds together is a __________________

enzyme-substrate complex

the stage in the enzyme's job when the enzyme and substrate(s) are bonded together is called the ________________________________

optimum temperature

the temperature in which an enzyme works best is the ________________

slows

when the enzyme's temperature is less than or more than the optimum temperature the rate of reactions _________.

optimum pH

the pH level in which the enzyme functions best is the ________________

slows

when the pH level is more acidic or basic than the optimum pH for the enzyme so the rate of reaction ________.

monosaccharides

building blocks of carbohydrates are __________________

building blocks of carbohydrates

monosaccharides

glucose

to test for ___________, add substance and benedict's solution and heat test tube (should be orange if __________ is present)

energy

starch can be broken down into monosaccharides and it gives us _________.

starch

to test for _________, add substance and iodine to test tube (should be purple if _______ is present)

lipids

3 fatty acids + glycerol= building blocks of ________

DNA

_____ has a double helix shape

RNA

_____ has a single helix shape

DNA

_____ contains hereditary information (genes from bio parents)

RNA

_____ controls synthesis of proteins (vaccines contain RNA)

deoxyribonucleic acid

DNA stands for...

ribonucleic acid

RNA stands for...

deoxyribose

the five-carbon sugar molecule that helps form the phosphate backbone of DNA molecules is ________________

ribose

the type of sugar used by the body to make the energy-containing substance adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is __________

adenosine triphosphate

ATP stands for...

ATP

adenosine triphosphate

ATP

_______ is energy released from nutrients for cellular energy

lipids

____________________ contain CHO - carbon, hydrogen, oxegyn

carbohydrates

____________________ contain CHO - carbon, hydrogen, oxegyn

proteins

____________ contain CHON- carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

nucleic acid

_______________ contains CHONP- carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus

polymerization

process of joining smaller monomers to create large molecules is called _______________

carbohydrates

______________ have a monomer elemental ratio 1:2:1

monosaccharide

monomer of carbohydrates is a ___________________

polysaccharide

polymer of carbohydrates is a _________________

sugar

-saccharide means _______________

carbohydrates

____________________ are a readily available source of short-term energy

glycogen

________________ stores energy in animal cells (liver and muscle)

starch

______________ stores energy in plants

cell walls

carbohydrates help the structure of ______________ in bacteria, plants and fungi

exoskeletons

carbohydrates help the structure of ______________________ in insects, arthropods and crustaceans.

glucose

______________- the "blood sugar", an immediate source of energy for cellular respiration

fructose

_____________ is a simple sugar found in honey and fruits

galactose

______________ is a sugar found in some dairy products and can be synthesized in the body

structural isomers

_____________________________ share the same formula but have different structures

disaccharides

_______________________ contain 2 monosaccharides chemically bonded producing carbohydrates with new chemical and physical properties

glycosidic bond

the bond between 2 monosaccharides is called a ________________________________

maltose

__________________ - product of starch, malt or beer sugar digestion

glucose + glucose

maltose is ________________+_________________

lactose

____________ - sugar found in milk

galactose + glucose

lactose is ______________+_______________

sucrose

___________ - common table sugar

glucose + fructose

glucose is ___________+___________

cellulose

____________ is a polysaccharide that builds cell walls for plants and bacteria. gives strength and flexibility

chitin

___________ is a polysaccharide that is used for the exoskeletons of insects, arthropods, and crustaceans, fungi use _________ in their cell walls (hint: pronounced kite-en)

starch

_____________ is a polysaccharide that is a polymer of glucose and is used for energy storage in plants

hydrophobic

all lipids are __________________. they will not mix/are insoluble with water (it is impossible).

fats, oils, waxes, steroids

polymer of lipids: ____, ____, ______, __________.

energy storage

long term use of lipids is ________________.

insulation and protection

lipids can be used for _______________________________ of animals (like blubber of a seal)

saturated fat

singe bonded carbon-carbon bond creates a ___________________. (worse for the human body than unsaturated fats)

unsaturated fat

double bonded carbon-carbon bond creates an ______________________. (are better for the human body than saturated fats)

solid

saturated fats are ________ at room temperature (butter, blubber, bacon fat)

liquid

unsaturated fats are _________ at room temperature

energy

fats and oils store _________

protection

waxes are used for ___________ against water.

change

steroids are used to _______ the body. (i.e. cholesterol, sex hormones such as testosterone and estrogen, cortisol, vitamin D, and more).

protection

phospholipids are used for _______________ of the cell and regulation of cell processes.

amino acids

protein monomer: _________________ (building blocks)

polypeptide

protein polymer: __________________ (stepping stone of protein)

abundant

protein is the most ____________ organic molecule in living systems

diverse

protein is the most ______________ in structure and function than any other macromolecule.

structure

protein form cell _____________.

transport

proteins _____________ substances around the body

enzymes

_________ control the rate of reaction in an organism (organic catalyst)

hormones

____________ coordinate the activity of the body systems (endocrine system)

defend

proteins _________ the body against pathogens and disease

store nutrients

proteins ____________________ inside animal eggs and seedlings

amino acids

__________________ use covalent bonds to link together and form a polypeptide.

amino, carboxyl, R

All amino acids found in nature have an ______ group, __________ group, and __ group.

nucleotide

the monomer of nucleic acid is a ____________________________

nucleic acid

the polymer of a nucleic acid is _________________

thymine

DNA: cytosine, guanine, adenine, ___________.

uracil

RNA: cytosine, guanine, adenine, ___________.

enzyme

___________- an organic molecule that speeds up reactions in living organisms

organic catalyst

___________________- protein that speeds up reactions inside bodies

substrate

_______________- chemical that locks with an enzyme

active site

________________________- where the substrate and enzyme temporarily bond together.

life processes

GRRSNERT includes all of the ________________ in living organisms.

metabolism

_________________ - The sum total of all the chemical reactions taking place in an organism. These reactions involve the release, use, and/or storage of energy.