Exam 2 pathophysiology

Pathogen

Microorganism causing disease, like bacteria or viruses.

Innate Immunity

Non-specific, immediate immune response mechanism.

Adaptive Immunity

Specific, delayed immune response involving B and T cells.

Phagocytes

Cells that engulf and digest pathogens.

Natural Killer Cells

Lymphocytes that destroy infected or cancerous cells.

Antigen-Presenting Cells

Cells that present antigens to T cells.

Helper T Cells

Activate B cells and cytotoxic T cells.

B Cells

Produce antibodies for humoral immunity.

CD8+ T Cells

Cytotoxic T cells that kill infected cells.

Opsonization

Coating pathogens to enhance phagocytosis.

PRRs

Receptors detecting pathogen-associated patterns.

PAMPs

Unique microbial components recognized by PRRs.

Active Immunity

Long-term immunity from infection or vaccination.

Passive Immunity

Short-term immunity from transferred antibodies.

Primary Immune Response

Initial response to an antigen; slower antibody production.

Secondary Immune Response

Faster response due to memory cells.

Complement System

Enhances immune response via opsonization and lysis.

Type I Hypersensitivity

IgE-mediated allergic reactions, e.g., anaphylaxis.

Type II Hypersensitivity

Antibody-mediated reactions, e.g., hemolytic anemia.

Type III Hypersensitivity

Immune complex-mediated reactions, e.g., lupus.

Type IV Hypersensitivity

T-cell-mediated delayed reactions, e.g., contact dermatitis.

Anaphylaxis

Severe allergic reaction causing airway constriction.

Immunodeficiency

Increased susceptibility to infections due to immune failure.

Autoimmune Disease

Immune system attacks self-cells mistakenly.

Graft-Versus-Host Disease

Donor immune cells attack recipient's tissues.

HIV Transmission

Spread through blood, sexual contact, or childbirth.

Reverse Transcriptase

Enzyme converting viral RNA to DNA in HIV.

Integrase

Enzyme integrating viral DNA into host genome.

Protease

Enzyme involved in viral protein synthesis.

Acute HIV Phase

High viral load with flu-like symptoms.

Chronic HIV Phase

Gradual decline of CD4 cells over time.

AIDS

Severe immune suppression leading to opportunistic infections.

Self-Tolerance

Prevents immune attack on self-cells.

Central Tolerance

Develops in thymus and bone marrow.

Peripheral Tolerance

Mechanisms outside central immune organs.

Rhinosinusitis

Sinus inflammation with facial pain and congestion.

Influenza

Viral infection causing fever and respiratory symptoms.

Bronchopneumonia

Patchy lung infection affecting multiple lobes.

Mycoplasma Pneumonia

Atypical pneumonia common in young adults.

Legionella Pneumonia

Severe pneumonia from waterborne bacteria.

Pneumococcal Pneumonia

Common pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae.

Community-Acquired Pneumonia

Infection from typical pathogens in the community.

Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia

Infection from drug-resistant bacteria in hospitals.

Immunocompromised Pneumonia

Opportunistic infections in weakened immune systems.

Tuberculosis

Infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

PPD Skin Test

Diagnostic test for tuberculosis exposure.

RIPE Regimen

Treatment for TB: Rifampin, Isoniazid, Ethambutol, Pyrazinamide.

Primary TB

Initial infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Reactivated TB

Occurs when immunity weakens after primary infection.

Small-Cell Lung Cancer

Aggressive type of lung cancer.

Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer

Includes adenocarcinoma, squamous, and large-cell types.

Croup

Viral infection causing barking cough and stridor.

Epiglottitis

Bacterial infection causing drooling and airway obstruction.

Bronchiolitis

Viral infection causing wheezing in infants.

V/Q Mismatch

Imbalance of ventilation and perfusion in lungs.

Alveolar Dead Space

Ventilation without perfusion, e.g., pulmonary embolism.

Shunt

Perfusion without ventilation, e.g., pneumonia.

Ventilation

Air movement into the lungs.

Diffusion

Gas exchange at alveolar-capillary membrane.

Perfusion

Blood flow to alveoli for oxygenation.

Hypoxemia

Low blood oxygen due to various causes.

Hypercapnia

High CO2 levels from hypoventilation.

Hypocapnia

Low CO2 levels caused by hyperventilation.

Pleural Effusion

Fluid accumulation in the pleural space.

Transudate

Fluid due to systemic conditions like CHF.

Exudate

Fluid due to inflammation or infection.

Hemothorax

Accumulation of blood in the pleural cavity.

Pneumothorax

Air in pleural space causing lung collapse.

Atelectasis

Lung collapse due to obstruction or hypoventilation.

Bronchial Asthma

Airway inflammation leading to wheezing and dyspnea.

COPD

Chronic lung disease including bronchitis and emphysema.

Pink Puffers

Emphysema patients with dyspnea and hyperventilation.

Blue Bloaters

Chronic bronchitis patients with cyanosis and edema.

Cystic Fibrosis

Genetic disorder affecting lungs and pancreas.

Pulmonary Embolism

Blocked pulmonary artery due to a clot.

Pulmonary Hypertension

High blood pressure in lung arteries.

Cor Pulmonale

Right heart failure due to lung disease.

Acute Lung Injury

Inflammation and fluid leakage in lungs.

DVT

Clot in deep vein, causing pain and swelling.

Varicose Veins

Enlarged, twisted veins often in legs.

Varicose Veins

Enlarged, twisted veins in the body.

Venous Insufficiency

Chronic edema and ulcers in extremities.

Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD)

Claudication and weak pulses in limbs.

Raynaud's Disease

Vasospasm causing extremity color changes.

Thromboangiitis Obliterans

Inflammation and clotting in small arteries.

Atherosclerosis Stages

Fatty streak, fibrous plaque, complicated lesion.

LDL Role

Contributes to foam cell formation in arteries.

Dyslipidemia Primary

Genetic causes of abnormal lipid levels.

Dyslipidemia Secondary

Lifestyle or disease-related lipid abnormalities.

LDL vs. HDL

LDL is bad cholesterol; HDL is good.

Aortic Aneurysm

Dilation of the arterial wall.

Aortic Dissection

Tear in aortic wall, life-threatening condition.

Arterial Blood Pressure

Pressure from circulating blood on arterial walls.

Systolic Pressure

Peak pressure during heart contraction.

Diastolic Pressure

Pressure during heart muscle relaxation.

Pulse Pressure

Difference between systolic and diastolic pressures.

Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)

Average arterial pressure during one cardiac cycle.

Cardiac Output (CO)

Volume of blood ejected per minute.

Stroke Volume (SV)

Amount of blood ejected per heartbeat.

Peripheral Vascular Resistance (PVR)

Resistance in blood vessels affecting blood pressure.