SCIENCE 11th Grade (Mark Waites) [ADVANCED ANATOMY/PHYSIOLOGY] 2023 - 2024 | Chapter 3: Organics

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Name the four properties of water?

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Philosophy

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1

Name the four properties of water?

The properties of water are solvency, adhesion/cohesion, density, and thermal stability.

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Solvency

Water is sometimes called the Universal Solvent for its ability to dissolve in a wide variety of substances.

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3

Adhesion/Cohesion

Water 'sticks' to substances. This allows it to act as a lubricant within the body. It also has a high surface tension.

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4

Density

Liquid water is more dense than ice.

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Thermal Stability

Water requires more heat energy to raise its temperature. It resists changes in temperature well.

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Hydrogen Bonding

The properties of water are primarily due to its polarity.

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7

The electrons in the O-H bond are ______. This results in a partial negative charge on the oxygen and partial positive charge on the hydrogen

not shared equally

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The partial charge difference ______ the partial positive in one water molecule to the partial negative in a different water molecule.

attracts

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9

This helps water dissolve other charged or polar molecules, ______ changes in heat, and stick to things.

resist

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10

In addition, at low temperatures, it is ______, which is less dense than the liquid form.

forms a honeycomb-like 3D structure

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Acids

Substances which donate protons

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Bases

Substances which accept protons

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pH

Defined as the -log [H+]

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pH of Acid Substances

pH between 0 and ~7

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pH of Neutral Substances

pH of 7

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pH of Basic Substances

pH between ~7 and 14

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Buffers

Substances which resist changes in pH. They are often weak acids/bases.

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Bicarbonate

A common buffer in the blood, which is kept at ~7.4.

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Organic Molecule

An organic molecule contains Carbon and Hydrogen.

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The elements necessary for all life

CHNOPS

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21

Name the seven functional groups

Hydroxyl, Methyl, Carbonyl, Carboxyl, Amino, Phosphate, and Sulfhydryl

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Hydroxyl

Polar, forms H-bonds, found in sugars, and some amino acids.

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Methyl

Non-polar and found in fatty acids.

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Carbonyl

Polar and found in sugars

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Carboxyl

Polar, acidic, found in fatty acids, and amino acids.

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Amino

Polar, basic, forms H-bonds, and found in amino acids.

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Phosphate

Polar, found in phospholipids, and nucleotides.

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Sulfhydryl

Forms disulfide bonds and found in some amino acids.

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29

Molecules tend to fall into ______ camps, which help explain how they interact physically with each other

two

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Hydrophilic Compounds

Are 'water-loving' and will readily dissolve in water. They have polar functional groups.

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Hydrophobic Compounds

Are 'water-hating' and will not dissolve in water. They have non-polar functional groups.

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Isomer

Organic Moleculeswhich have the same molecular formula, but have a different arrangement of atoms. This can result in the isomers having different functional groups.

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Polymers

Molecules are made up of large numbers of repeating monomers. Organic macromolecular polymers can contain between two and billions of monomers.

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Dehydration Reaction

This reaction joins two monomers together to form a polymer. A molecule of water is released in the process.

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Hydrolysis

This reaction breaks down a polymer into monomers. A molecule of water is used up in the process

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Carbohydrates (Function)

Function: Primarily immediate energy, but also structural

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Carbohydrates (Monomers)

Monosaccharides

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Monosaccharides

Used for energy. They consist of carbon ringers

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Carbohydrates (Polymers)

Disaccharides and Polysaccharides

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40

Disaccharides

Used for energy

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Maltose

Glucose + Glucose

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Lactose

Glucose + Galactose

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Sucrose

Glucose + Fructose

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Polysaccharides

Used for energy storage and structure. Due to their size and bonding structure, they tend to be insoluble in water.

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45

Name four polysaccharides:

Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose, and Chitin

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Starch

A chain of glucose of molecules found in plants to store energy.

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Glycogen

A highly branched chain of glucose molecules found in animals to store energy.

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Cellulose

The structural carbohydrate of plants. It is found in cell walls.

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Chitin

The structural carbohydrate of fungi and animals. It is found in the exoskeletons of crabs and insects.

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Monomers (Formula)

CnH2nOn

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51

Are Carbohydrates highly hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

hydrophilic

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Types of Lipids

Fats and Oils (Triglycerides), Waxes, Steroids, Phospholipids

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Triglycerides (Function)

Long-term energy and insulation.

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Triglyceride (Monomers)

Glycerol + Three Fatty Acids

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General types of Fatty Acids

Saturated and Unsaturated

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Saturated

Has no carbon-carbon double bonds.

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Unsaturated

Has carbon-carbon double bonds.

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Fats

Lipids containing saturated Fatty Acids.

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Oils

Lipids containing unsaturated Fatty Acids

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Triglyceride (Elements)

CHO

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Are Triglycerides highly hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

hydrophobic

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Waxes (Function)

Water-proofing

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Waxes (Monomers)

Fatty Acids + A Long-Chain Alcohol

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Waxes (Elements)

CHO

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Are Waxes highly hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

hydrophobic

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Steroids (Function)

Hormones and Membrane Stabilizers

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Steroids (Monomers)

No true monomer exists. These consist of several fused carbon rings.

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Steroids (Elements)

CHO

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Are Steroids highly hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

hydrophobic

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Phospholipids (Function)

The main component of membranes.

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Phospholipids (Monomers)

Glycerol + Two Fatty Acids + Phosphate Group

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Phospholipids (Elements)

CHOP

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Are Phospholipids highly hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

Both (amphiphilic)

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74

The phosphate group is highly ______, but the rest of the molecule is highly ______.

hydrophilic, hydrophobic

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As a result, phospholipids will self assemble into ______.

phospholipid bilayers.

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The ______ will face outward, and the ______ will face inward.

phosphate groups, fatty acids

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Protein (Functions)

Structural, Enzymes, Transport, Defense, Hormones, Motion, Storage, and Receptor

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Protein (Monomers)

Amino Acids: there are 20 different amino acids. All of them contain one amino group, one carboxyl group, and one variable group (or R group). The R group determines the properties of each amino acid.

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Peptide Bond

The bond between amino acids

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Protein (Polymer)

A peptide contains a few amino acids and a polypeptide (or protein) contains many amino acids.

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Four Levels of Structure for a Protein:

Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary

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Protein (Primary)

This is determined by the amino acid sequence.

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Protein (Secondary)

Hydrogen bonds between amino acids cause portions of the polypeptide to fold to form a Helix or a B Sheet.

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Protein (Tertiary)

Charge/polar properties of portions of the protein (esp. the R groups) force it to fold into its 3D, globular shape.

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Protein (Quaternary)

Multiple proteins come together to form this level of structure. This is held together by H-bonds and R group interactions between subunits.

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Conditions which affect H bonding, or hydrophilic/hydrophobic interactions alter the shape of the protein or its folding.

Temperature, pH, Pressure, and Salinity

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87

Proteins which have lost their shape or unfolded are said to be ______.

denatured

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The ______ of a protein is critical to its function.

3D shape

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Chaperones

Proteins which help other proteins fold correctly.

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Prions

Misfolded proteins which cause disease by causing other proteins to fold incorrectly.

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______ and ______ are caused by prions.

Mad Cow Disease, Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease

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Protein (Elements)

CHONS

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Are Proteins highly hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

Depending upon their variable groups (R), amino acids can be either hydrophilic or hydrophobic. The protein as a whole often has large sections that are one or the other.

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94

Nucleic Acids (Functions)

The genetic material of the cell. Nucleotides are often parts of coenzymes, like ATP, which are critical to the function of the cell.

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Nucleic Acids (Monomers)

Nucleotides

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(DNA -> RNA -> Protein)

The sequence of nucleotides in DNA and RNA determines the sequence of amino acids in a protein.

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Nucleotides

Phosphate + Sugar + Nitrogen Base

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Types of Nucleotides

Purines and Pyrimidines

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99

Purines

Form H-bonds with a pyrimidine. (A-T/U, C-G)

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Nucleic Acids (Polymer)

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) and Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

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