SCIENCE 11th Grade (Mark Waites) [ADVANCED ANATOMY/PHYSIOLOGY] 2023 - 2024 | Chapter 3: Organics

Name the four properties of water?

The properties of water are solvency, adhesion/cohesion, density, and thermal stability.

Solvency

Water is sometimes called the Universal Solvent for its ability to dissolve in a wide variety of substances.

Adhesion/Cohesion

Water 'sticks' to substances. This allows it to act as a lubricant within the body. It also has a high surface tension.

Density

Liquid water is more dense than ice.

Thermal Stability

Water requires more heat energy to raise its temperature. It resists changes in temperature well.

Hydrogen Bonding

The properties of water are primarily due to its polarity.

The electrons in the O-H bond are ______. This results in a partial negative charge on the oxygen and partial positive charge on the hydrogen

not shared equally

The partial charge difference ______ the partial positive in one water molecule to the partial negative in a different water molecule.

attracts

This helps water dissolve other charged or polar molecules, ______ changes in heat, and stick to things.

resist

In addition, at low temperatures, it is ______, which is less dense than the liquid form.

forms a honeycomb-like 3D structure

Acids

Substances which donate protons

Bases

Substances which accept protons

pH

Defined as the -log [H+]

pH of Acid Substances

pH between 0 and ~7

pH of Neutral Substances

pH of 7

pH of Basic Substances

pH between ~7 and 14

Buffers

Substances which resist changes in pH. They are often weak acids/bases.

Bicarbonate

A common buffer in the blood, which is kept at ~7.4.

Organic Molecule

An organic molecule contains Carbon and Hydrogen.

The elements necessary for all life

CHNOPS

Name the seven functional groups

Hydroxyl, Methyl, Carbonyl, Carboxyl, Amino, Phosphate, and Sulfhydryl

Hydroxyl

Polar, forms H-bonds, found in sugars, and some amino acids.

Methyl

Non-polar and found in fatty acids.

Carbonyl

Polar and found in sugars

Carboxyl

Polar, acidic, found in fatty acids, and amino acids.

Amino

Polar, basic, forms H-bonds, and found in amino acids.

Phosphate

Polar, found in phospholipids, and nucleotides.

Sulfhydryl

Forms disulfide bonds and found in some amino acids.

Molecules tend to fall into ______ camps, which help explain how they interact physically with each other

two

Hydrophilic Compounds

Are 'water-loving' and will readily dissolve in water. They have polar functional groups.

Hydrophobic Compounds

Are 'water-hating' and will not dissolve in water. They have non-polar functional groups.

Isomer

Organic Moleculeswhich have the same molecular formula, but have a different arrangement of atoms. This can result in the isomers having different functional groups.

Polymers

Molecules are made up of large numbers of repeating monomers. Organic macromolecular polymers can contain between two and billions of monomers.

Dehydration Reaction

This reaction joins two monomers together to form a polymer. A molecule of water is released in the process.

Hydrolysis

This reaction breaks down a polymer into monomers. A molecule of water is used up in the process

Carbohydrates (Function)

Function: Primarily immediate energy, but also structural

Carbohydrates (Monomers)

Monosaccharides

Monosaccharides

Used for energy. They consist of carbon ringers

Carbohydrates (Polymers)

Disaccharides and Polysaccharides

Disaccharides

Used for energy

Maltose

Glucose + Glucose

Lactose

Glucose + Galactose

Sucrose

Glucose + Fructose

Polysaccharides

Used for energy storage and structure. Due to their size and bonding structure, they tend to be insoluble in water.

Name four polysaccharides:

Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose, and Chitin

Starch

A chain of glucose of molecules found in plants to store energy.

Glycogen

A highly branched chain of glucose molecules found in animals to store energy.

Cellulose

The structural carbohydrate of plants. It is found in cell walls.

Chitin

The structural carbohydrate of fungi and animals. It is found in the exoskeletons of crabs and insects.

Monomers (Formula)

CnH2nOn

Are Carbohydrates highly hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

hydrophilic

Types of Lipids

Fats and Oils (Triglycerides), Waxes, Steroids, Phospholipids

Triglycerides (Function)

Long-term energy and insulation.

Triglyceride (Monomers)

Glycerol + Three Fatty Acids

General types of Fatty Acids

Saturated and Unsaturated

Saturated

Has no carbon-carbon double bonds.

Unsaturated

Has carbon-carbon double bonds.

Fats

Lipids containing saturated Fatty Acids.

Oils

Lipids containing unsaturated Fatty Acids

Triglyceride (Elements)

CHO

Are Triglycerides highly hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

hydrophobic

Waxes (Function)

Water-proofing

Waxes (Monomers)

Fatty Acids + A Long-Chain Alcohol

Waxes (Elements)

CHO

Are Waxes highly hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

hydrophobic

Steroids (Function)

Hormones and Membrane Stabilizers

Steroids (Monomers)

No true monomer exists. These consist of several fused carbon rings.

Steroids (Elements)

CHO

Are Steroids highly hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

hydrophobic

Phospholipids (Function)

The main component of membranes.

Phospholipids (Monomers)

Glycerol + Two Fatty Acids + Phosphate Group

Phospholipids (Elements)

CHOP

Are Phospholipids highly hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

Both (amphiphilic)

The phosphate group is highly ______, but the rest of the molecule is highly ______.

hydrophilic, hydrophobic

As a result, phospholipids will self assemble into ______.

phospholipid bilayers.

The ______ will face outward, and the ______ will face inward.

phosphate groups, fatty acids

Protein (Functions)

Structural, Enzymes, Transport, Defense, Hormones, Motion, Storage, and Receptor

Protein (Monomers)

Amino Acids: there are 20 different amino acids. All of them contain one amino group, one carboxyl group, and one variable group (or R group). The R group determines the properties of each amino acid.

Peptide Bond

The bond between amino acids

Protein (Polymer)

A peptide contains a few amino acids and a polypeptide (or protein) contains many amino acids.

Four Levels of Structure for a Protein:

Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary

Protein (Primary)

This is determined by the amino acid sequence.

Protein (Secondary)

Hydrogen bonds between amino acids cause portions of the polypeptide to fold to form a Helix or a B Sheet.

Protein (Tertiary)

Charge/polar properties of portions of the protein (esp. the R groups) force it to fold into its 3D, globular shape.

Protein (Quaternary)

Multiple proteins come together to form this level of structure. This is held together by H-bonds and R group interactions between subunits.

Conditions which affect H bonding, or hydrophilic/hydrophobic interactions alter the shape of the protein or its folding.

Temperature, pH, Pressure, and Salinity

Proteins which have lost their shape or unfolded are said to be ______.

denatured

The ______ of a protein is critical to its function.

3D shape

Chaperones

Proteins which help other proteins fold correctly.

Prions

Misfolded proteins which cause disease by causing other proteins to fold incorrectly.

______ and ______ are caused by prions.

Mad Cow Disease, Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease

Protein (Elements)

CHONS

Are Proteins highly hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

Depending upon their variable groups (R), amino acids can be either hydrophilic or hydrophobic. The protein as a whole often has large sections that are one or the other.

Nucleic Acids (Functions)

The genetic material of the cell. Nucleotides are often parts of coenzymes, like ATP, which are critical to the function of the cell.

Nucleic Acids (Monomers)

Nucleotides

(DNA -> RNA -> Protein)

The sequence of nucleotides in DNA and RNA determines the sequence of amino acids in a protein.

Nucleotides

Phosphate + Sugar + Nitrogen Base

Types of Nucleotides

Purines and Pyrimidines

Purines

Form H-bonds with a pyrimidine. (A-T/U, C-G)

Nucleic Acids (Polymer)

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) and Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)