Mi exam 1

What is the biggest difference between a prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell?

Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus; eukaryotic cells do have a nucleus.

What color are Gram-positive bacteria after a Gram stain?

Purple

What color are Gram-negative bacteria?

Pink/red

Which has the thicker peptidoglycan layer?

Gram-positive bacteria

Which has an outer membrane containing LPS?

Gram-negative bacteria

What does bactericidal mean?

Kills bacteria

What does bacteriostatic mean?

Stops bacteria from growing/reproducing

What does MIC stand for?

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration

What does an MIC measure?

The lowest concentration of an antimicrobial that prevents visible bacterial growth.

What are the two arms of the immune system?

Innate immunity and adaptive immunity

Which arm responds rapidly and recognizes common patterns?

Innate immunity

Which arm is highly specific and develops memory?

Adaptive immunity

Where do B cells mature?

Bone marrow

Where do T cells mature?

Thymus

What are three examples of secondary lymphoid organs/tissues?

Lymph nodes, spleen, and MALT

What is the basic function of lymph nodes?

They filter lymph and provide a place for immune cells to encounter antigens.

Which immune cell is a rapid responder to bacterial infection?

Neutrophil

What is the main job of macrophages?

Phagocytosis (engulfing/eating microbes and debris)

Which cell is especially important for presenting antigen and connecting innate to adaptive immunity?

Dendritic cell

What do NK cells kill?

Virus-infected cells and abnormal/tumor cells

What are eosinophils strongly associated with?

Parasites and allergic responses

What do B cells eventually produce through plasma cells?

Antibodies

What is the main job of CD4 helper T cells?

Coordinate/direct the immune response by helping activate other immune cells.

What is the main job of CD8 cytotoxic T cells?

Kill infected or abnormal cells.

What are the three categories of physical barriers?

Mechanical, chemical, and biological

Is stomach acid a mechanical, chemical, or biological barrier?

Chemical

Is normal microbiota a mechanical, chemical, or biological barrier?

Biological

What does PAMP stand for?

Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern

What does DAMP stand for?

Damage-Associated Molecular Pattern

What does PRR stand for?

Pattern Recognition Receptor

What is the difference between a PAMP and a DAMP?

PAMP = pattern associated with microbes/pathogens; DAMP = signal associated with damaged/stressed host cells.

What do PRRs recognize?

PAMPs and DAMPs

Where can TLRs be located?

On the cell surface and on endosomal membranes inside the cell.

Where are NLRs located?

In the cytoplasm.

Which PRRs are especially important for detecting viral RNA?

RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs).

Why are some PRRs located on the cell surface while others are inside the cell?

Because microbes or their components can be found in different locations.

What are the features of Gram-positive bacteria?

Purple, thick peptidoglycan.

What are the features of Gram-negative bacteria?

Pink/red, thin peptidoglycan, outer membrane/LPS.

What does bactericidal mean?

Kills bacteria.

What does bacteriostatic mean?

Stops bacterial growth.

What does MIC measure?

Lowest concentration preventing visible bacterial growth.

What are the categories of immune response?

Innate = Fast; Adaptive = Specific + Memory.

What do B cells produce?

Antibodies through plasma cells.

What do CD4 T cells do?

Coordinate/direct the immune response.

What do CD8 T cells do?

Kill infected cells.

What is the role of neutrophils?

Fast responders to bacterial infection.

What is phagocytosis?

Engulfing/eating microbes and debris.

What is the function of dendritic cells?

Antigen presentation.

What do natural killer (NK) cells target?

Virus-infected and abnormal cells.

What role do eosinophils play?

Parasite and allergic responses.

What are the functions of normal microbiota?

Compete with harmful microorganisms for nutrients and space.

What does antigen mean?

A substance recognized by the immune system.

What are PAMPs?

Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns recognized by innate immune system.

What are DAMPs?

Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns indicating host cell/tissue damage.

What are pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)?

Receptors that recognize PAMPs and DAMPs.

What are Toll-like receptors (TLRs)?

PRRs found on cell surface and endosomal membranes for detecting microbial components.

What are NOD-like receptors (NLRs)?

Cytoplasmic PRRs that recognize intracellular signals.

What are RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs)?

Cytoplasmic PRRs important for recognizing viral RNA.

What are C-type lectin receptors (CLRs)?

PRRs that recognize carbohydrate structures associated with fungi.