cell structures (yr9 biology)
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129 Terms
what are some of the features of eukaryotic cells?
they have a nucleus,
where are eukaryotic cells found in
plants, animals, fungi, and protista
how large are eukaryotic cells?
10-100 micrometres in size
what is a eukaryote
an organism made up of eukaryotic cells
what is a feature of prokaryotic cells
they do not have a nucleus
how large are prokaryotic cells?
0.1-5 micrometres
what is a prokaryote
an organism made of prokaryotic cells
what is an example of a prokaryote
bacteria
where is most of the genetic information in a prokaryotic cell stored?
in a single DNA loop in the cytoplasm
what do prokaryotic cells not have?
mitochondria, chloroplast, or a nucleus
what may some prokaryotic cells contain?
plasmids
what do plasmids do?
replicate and move between cells so that genetic informatioon can be shared
what are orders of magnitude used for
comparing sizes using the decimal scale and powers of ten
what are differences in size described as
differences in the order of magnitude
what is the order of magnitude of a number?
the number of powers of 10 contained in the number
how many orders of magnitude does 100 have?
2
how many order of magnitude does 10 have?
1
when are numbers in the samae order of magnitude?
if they are within a factor of 10 from each other
how can we work out if numbers are in the same order of magnitude?
by dividing one by the other. If your answer is less than 10 times bigger but more than 0.1 times smaller then they are in the same order of magnitude
how can orders of magnitude be represented?
using standard form
what does 1 micrometre look like
1 μm
what do prefixes before units show?
the magnitude of a number
what is the prefix of kilomnetre
kilo
what is standard form used for
making it easier to write very big and very small numbers
what are sub cellular structures?
things found in a cell
what are the sub cellular structures in an animal cell?
cell membrane, nucleus, ribsomes, mitochondria, cytoplasm,
what are the common types of animal cells
skin cells, muscle cells, blood cells, nerve cells, fat cells
what are examples of plants without vascular systems
mosses and liveworts
vascular system
tubes which transport minerals, nutrients and water around the plant
what are animals, plants, fungi, protoctists
Eukaryotic cells
what type of cells are prokaryotic
cells of bacteria
what are the parts of algae
flagella, chloroplast, eye spot
what does the eye spot in the algae do?
senses the surrounding environment. The flagella moves in response to its environment
where does photosynthesis occur in algae
in a single chloroplast
what are examples of unicellular organisms
amobea, algae
what are multicellular organisms made up of
many speciallised cells
what are unicellular organisms made up of
one cell which completes all life processes
what is number 6 and how is it useful
Gard cells which allow carbon dioxide to come in, and oxygen to come out. They control the opening and closing of the stomata
what is inside number 3 and why
chloroplast which allow the green colour
what is number 4 and why is it helpful
the spongy layer which allows air space and gasses to go through. It increases the surface area of the leaf
what is number 3 and why is it helpful
palisade cells and they absorb light for photosynthesis
what is it called and what is it for?
The waxy cuticle and it protects the epidermis and is thin to allow sunlight through
label the light green (what is it called and what is it for?)
epidermis and protects the plant from the outside world (its skin)
what does DNA stand for
Deoxyribonucleic acid
what is DNA made from
small repeating structures called nucleotides
what are the parts of a nucleotide?
sugar, phosphate, base
how many bases are there
4
what are the 4 bases on a nucleotide called?
adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, guanine
what do nucleotides do to each other?
bond together forming a sugar phosphate backbone
what do the bases of nucleotides do
bond to other bases- forming the ladder of the DNA structure
what is it called when 2 strands (of nucleotides) bond together
a double helix
what is our DNA tightly wound into
structures called chromosomes
where can the chromosomes be found?
in the nucleus of our cells
how many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?
23
what is a protein
a structure made of amino acids that has a specific function in the body
what are animal and plant cells?
Eukaryotic
what are cells
the smallest unit of life that can replicate independently
what are organelles/subcellular structures?
looking at the different parts that make up a cell
what does the cell membrane do?
control which substances can pass in and out of the cell
what does the nucleus do?
contains genetic information
cytoplasm
where chemical reactions take place
mitochondria
provide cells with energy they need to function
ribsomes
where proteins are made
cell wall
provides support to the structure of the cell
permanent vacuole
a sac that contains cell sap, which contains sugars and water
chloroplast
where photosynthesis occurrs
what does unicellular mean
a one cell organism
what do ribzsomes do
make protiens
where does most of a cell’s chemical reactions take place
in the cytoplasm
what are the parts of a plant cell
permanent vacuole, chloroplast, cell wall, ribosomes, cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria
what is the permanent vacuole
a fluid-filled sac that stores water
what is the permanent vacuole enclosed by?
the membrane
how much of a plant cells volume does the permanent vacuole take up
up to 90%
what does chloroplast contain
chlorophyll
what is chlorophyll needed for
the process of photosynthesis
what does the cell wall do?
surrounds the cell and increases the structual strength of the cell
what is the cell wall made out of
celluose
what happens when cells differentiate
they acquire different sub-cellular structures
what are specialised cells
what does cell differentiation describe?
how cells turn into different types of specialised cells as an organism develops
what happens as a cell differentiates?
it develops different cell structures to enable it to carry out a certain function
what is different in animal cells whenr egarding cell differntiation
it is mostly restricted to repair and replacement
differenciation
where cells become specialised for different functions
what are embryo stem cells capable of doing
differentiating into many different specialised cells
tissue
a group of similar cells working together to perform a specific function
organ
a collection of different tissues working together
what can many plants do throughout their lives
differentiate
differentiation occurs when cells…
acquire different sub-cellular structures
what are the sub cellular structures found in bacteria?
plasmids, flagella, cytoplasm, cell wall and cell membrane
what are the basic structures of living organisms
cells
what is a and what does it do?
the cell wall which adds structure and protection to the cell
what is 'b' and what is it for?
cytoplasm where the chemical reactions take place
what is ‘c’ and what is it for?
plasma membrane which controls what goes in or out of the cell
what is ‘d’ and what is it for?
plasmids which carry extra genes
what is e and what is it for?
the slime capsule to stop the cell from drying out
what is ‘f’ for and what is it?
DNA which contains the genetic information
what is ‘g’ and what is it for?
Ribsomes which create proteins
what is ‘i’ and what is it for?
what is protien synthesis
the process by which the body creates proteins