Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology Concepts Chapters 1-4

Anatomy

Study of the structure of organisms.

Physiology

Study of the functions of living systems.

Principle of Complementarity

Structure determines function in biological systems.

Andreas Vesalius

Pioneering anatomist, dissected criminals for study.

1600 B.C.

Earliest records of anatomical studies date back.

Barber Surgeon

Practitioner combining barbering, dentistry, and medicine.

Father of Modern Anatomy

First accurate book on human anatomy author.

Anatomy

Study of body structures and their locations.

Physiology

Study of functions of anatomical structures.

Gross Anatomy

Examines large, visible structures of the body.

Surface Anatomy

Focuses on exterior features of the body.

Regional Anatomy

Studies specific body areas and their structures.

Systemic Anatomy

Examines groups of organs working together.

Developmental Anatomy

Studies changes from conception to death.

Clinical Anatomy

Focuses on medical specialties and applications.

Microscopic Anatomy

Examines cells and molecules under a microscope.

Cytology

Study of cells and their structures.

Histology

Study of tissues and their structures.

Chemical Level

Atoms and molecules as smallest units of life.

Cellular Level

Cells formed from atoms, molecules, and organelles.

Tissue Level

Tissues consist of similar cells working together.

Organ Level

Organs are different tissues working together.

Organ System Level

Organ systems are groups of organs collaborating.

Organism Level

A human is classified as an organism.

Homeostasis

Stable internal environment maintained by body systems.

Receptor

Component that receives the stimulus in homeostasis.

Control Center

Processes signals and sends instructions in homeostasis.

Effector

Carries out instructions to maintain homeostasis.

Negative Feedback

Response negates stimulus, restoring homeostasis.

Positive Feedback

Response enhances stimulus, moving away from homeostasis.

Anatomical Position

Standard position: standing, palms forward, feet apart.

Dorsal Body Cavity

Contains cranial and vertebral cavities.

Ventral Body Cavity

Divided by diaphragm into thoracic and abdominopelvic.

Pleural Cavities

Contain right and left lungs.

Mediastinum

Region containing heart, blood vessels, and trachea.

Peritoneal Cavity

Chamber within the abdominopelvic cavity.

Parietal Peritoneum

Lines the internal body wall of peritoneal cavity.

Visceral Peritoneum

Covers the organs within the peritoneal cavity.

Atom

Smallest part of an element retaining its properties.

Proton

Positively charged subatomic particle in nucleus.

Neutron

Neutral subatomic particle in nucleus.

Electron

Negatively charged particle in electron cloud.

Atomic number

Number of protons in an element.

Mass number

Total of protons and neutrons in nucleus.

Nucleus

Center of atom containing protons and neutrons.

Electron cloud

Region around nucleus containing electrons.

Valence shell

Outermost electron shell determining bonding.

Ionic bond

Attraction between cations and anions.

Covalent bond

Strong bond formed by shared electrons.

Hydrogen bond

Weak bond based on partial electrical attractions.

Molecular weight

Sum of atomic weights of component atoms.

Exchange reaction

Decomposition followed by synthesis in reactions.

pH

Concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution.

Neutral pH

Balance of H+ and OH-; pure water = 7.0.

Acidic solution

pH lower than 7.0; high H+ concentration.

Basic solution

pH higher than 7.0; low H+ concentration.

Buffer

Weak acid/salt compound that stabilizes pH.

Antacid

Basic compound neutralizing acid, forming salt.

Monosaccharide

Simple sugar with 3 to 7 carbon atoms.

Polysaccharide

Many monosaccharides condensed by dehydration synthesis.

Dehydration synthesis

Formation of complex sugars by removing water.

Lipids

Hydrophobic molecules like fats, oils, and waxes.

Fatty Acids

Building blocks of lipids, long hydrocarbon chains.

Eicosanoids

Signaling molecules derived from fatty acids.

Glycerides

Esters formed from glycerol and fatty acids.

Steroids

Lipids with a four-ring carbon structure.

Phospholipids

Lipids with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.

Glycolipids

Lipids with carbohydrate groups attached.

Proteins

Most abundant organic molecules, made of amino acids.

Amino Acids

20 building blocks of proteins, contain amine group.

Enzymes

Proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions.

Activation Energy

Energy needed to start a chemical reaction.

Substrates

Specific reactants enzymes act upon.

Nucleic Acids

Biomolecules that store and transmit genetic information.

Nucleotides

Building blocks of DNA and RNA.

DNA

Double-stranded nucleic acid with genetic instructions.

RNA

Single-stranded nucleic acid involved in protein synthesis.

Complementary Base Pairs

Specific pairing of nitrogenous bases in nucleic acids.

Purines

Nitrogenous bases adenine and guanine.

Pyrimidines

Nitrogenous bases cytosine, thymine, and uracil.

ATP

Adenosine triphosphate, energy currency of cells.

ADP

Adenosine diphosphate, two phosphate groups.

ATPase

Enzyme that catalyzes ATP phosphorylation.

Cell Theory

Fundamental principles about cells and their functions.

Cell

Smallest unit performing physiological functions.

Plasma Membrane

Double layer of phospholipid molecules.

Membrane Lipids

Largest component of plasma membrane.

Hydrophilic Heads

Face watery environment on both sides.

Hydrophobic Tails

Fatty-acid tails inside the membrane.

Integral Proteins

Proteins embedded within the membrane.

Peripheral Proteins

Bound to inner or outer membrane surfaces.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Network involved in synthesis and transport.

Lysosomes

Vesicles containing powerful enzymes for digestion.

Autolysis

Self-destruction of damaged cells.

Mitochondria

Organelles producing ATP through cellular respiration.

Cristae

Folds in the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Aerobic Metabolism

Requires oxygen to produce ATP.

Glycolysis

Conversion of glucose to pyruvic acid.

TCA Cycle

Converts pyruvic acid to carbon dioxide.

Electron Transport Chain

Produces ATP in the inner mitochondrial membrane.