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Anorexia
A loss of appetite or desire to eat.
Nausea
A feeling of discomfort in the stomach that may lead to vomiting.
Vomiting
The forceful expulsion of the contents of the stomach through the mouth.
Gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB)
Bleeding that occurs in the digestive tract, categorized as upper or lower.
Retching
Rhythmic spasmodic movements of the diaphragm, chest wall, and abdominal muscles without expulsion of vomit.
Vomiting center
A medullary center responsible for the reflex action of vomiting.
Chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ)
An area that mediates emetic effects of blood-borne drugs and toxins.
Dysphagia
Difficulty in swallowing.
Odynophagia
Painful swallowing.
Achalasia
Failure of the esophageal sphincter to relax.
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
A chronic digestive condition where stomach acid flows back into the esophagus.
Heartburn
A burning sensation in the chest caused by GERD.
Esophageal cancer
Cancer of the esophagus, often linked to alcohol and tobacco use.
Dysphagia in esophageal cancer
Difficulty swallowing experienced by patients with esophageal cancer.
Gastric mucosal barrier
An impermeable epithelial surface that protects the stomach lining.
Water-insoluble mucus
A type of mucus that forms a gel to protect the gastric mucosa.
Water-soluble mucus
A type of mucus that acts as a lubricant for the gastric mucosa.
Acute gastritis
Transient inflammation of gastric mucosa usually due to irritants.
Chronic gastritis
Long-term inflammation resulting in atrophy of the glandular epithelium.
Helicobacter pylori
A bacterium that colonizes the stomach, causing inflammation and ulceration.
Peptic ulcer
Ulcerative disorders in the upper gastrointestinal tract exposed to acid.
Hemorrhage
Bleeding resulting from an ulcer eroding into an artery or vein.
Obstruction
Interference with the free passage of gastric contents due to scarring.
Perforation
Erosion of an ulcer through all layers of the stomach or duodenal wall.
Hematamesis
Vomiting blood that may appear bright red or as coffee grounds.
Melena
Black, tarry stool indicating upper gastrointestinal bleeding.
Stress ulcers risk factors
Conditions such as burns, trauma, sepsis leading to gastric ulcers.
Cancer risk factors
Genetic predisposition and carcinogenic dietary factors contributing to gastric cancer.
Irritable bowel disease
A disorder characterized by persistent abdominal pain and altered bowel function.
Diverticulitis
Inflammation of diverticula in the intestines, often associated with pain.
Appendicitis
Inflammation of the appendix that can lead to perforation.
Diarrhea
Increased frequency of bowel movements that can be classified into large or small volume.
Clinical manifestations of celiac disease
Symptoms such as failure to thrive and diarrhea in infants.
Constipation
Infrequent bowel movements often due to dietary and lifestyle factors.
Fecal impaction
Severe constipation leading to a buildup of stool in the rectum.
Internal obstruction
Mechanical obstruction caused by surgery or other physical issues.
Peritoneal cavity
The space within the abdomen that can allow for rapid absorption of toxins.
Peritonitis
Inflammation of the peritoneum often due to perforation of an organ.
Intestinal malabsorption
Failure to absorb dietary nutrients leading to various gastrointestinal symptoms.
Colorectal cancer risk factors
Age, family history, and certain bowel diseases raise the risk of colon cancer.
Celiac disease
An autoimmune disorder causing adverse reactions to gluten.
Flexible sigmoidoscopy
A procedure to examine the lower part of the colon.
Stool occult blood test
A test that checks for hidden blood in the stool.
Barium enema
An imaging test using barium to visualize the intestines.
Proton pump inhibitors
Medications that reduce stomach acid production.
Antacids
Medications that neutralize stomach acid to relieve symptoms.
Inflammatory bowel disease
A term for disorders involving chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract.
Clostridium difficile
A bacterium that can cause infectious colitis, often after antibiotic use.
