final test 231 psych

Cognitive Interview

A technique used to enhance the recall of witnesses by allowing for more detailed memories without leading questions.

McGurk Effect

A phenomenon where visual perception can override auditory perception, demonstrating that sight can influence how we interpret sounds.

Spreading Activation

A theory of memory retrieval where related information stored in the brain activates each other's neurons, aiding recall.

False Rejection

A situation where a witness correctly perceives a suspect but claims that they do not recognize them.

Foil Identification

A practice where an innocent person is incorrectly identified as the perpetrator in a lineup.

Instruction Bias

Leading questions posed to a witness that may imply uncertainty, potentially affecting their identification accuracy.

Double Blind Lineups

A lineup procedure where both the officer and the victim do not know who the suspect is, reducing bias.

Biased Lineup

A lineup presentation that may unfairly influence a witness's decision, often due to the arrangement of suspects.

Witness Confidence

The level of certainty a witness expresses about their identification, which is often not a reliable indicator of accuracy.

Target-Absent Lineup

A lineup that does not contain the actual perpetrator, where the witness’s identification may be unreliable.

Show Up Identification

A procedure where a victim is only shown one suspect due to time constraints, which can lead to misidentification.

Lineup Presentation Procedures

Specific methods used for displaying suspects to witnesses during identification tasks.

Estimating Identification Accuracy

Assessing how correct a witness's identification is based on various factors including the method of presentation.

False Memories

Distorted or fabricated recollections of an event that may arise due to suggestive questioning.

Lineup Stack Procedure

An arrangement where individuals are presented top to bottom to mitigate natural leftward gaze tendencies.

Recognition vs Recall

Recall is typically less accurate and more challenging than recognition when identifying a suspect.

Memory Reconsolidation

The process by which memories get re-stored and can potentially change every time they are recalled.

What are the steps of the Cognitive Interview?

The steps include: 1. Establish Rapport

2. Reinstate Context - Encourage the interviewee to recreate the environment of the event.

3. Encourage Detailed Recall - Ask the interviewee to provide as many details as possible without interruption.

4. Use Different Retrieval Techniques - Suggest different perspectives or orders to help recall.

5. Summarize and Clarify - Ensure all information is accurately captured and clarify any ambiguous details.

What are the modified steps of the Cognitive Interview?

The modified steps include:

1. Establish Rapport - Build trust and make the interviewee feel safe.

2. Focused Retrieval - Use open-ended questions to position the recall process.

3. Encourage Extensive Recall - Prompt the interviewee to share all details, focusing on sensory information.

4. Optional Cognitive Techniques - Introduce techniques like the 'memory probe' to help stimulate recall.

5. Check for Accuracy - Review the details provided for consistency and completeness.

What is the main difference between the Modified Cognitive Interview and the Cognitive Interview?

The Modified Cognitive Interview focuses more on the interviewee's comfort and using strategic questioning techniques, while the traditional Cognitive Interview emphasizes detailed recall through specific retrieval techniques. The modified version may also incorporate flexibility in techniques based on the interviewee's needs.

What are the key components of the Modified Cognitive Interview?

The key components include establishing rapport, focused retrieval with open-ended questions, encouraging extensive recall focusing on sensory details, optional cognitive techniques like memory probes, and checking for accuracy.

What are the key components of the standard Cognitive Interview?

The key components include establishing rapport, reinstating context, encouraging detailed recall without interruptions, using different retrieval techniques, and summarizing and clarifying information.

What is Free Recall in recall protocols?

Free Recall involves encouraging the eyewitness to recount everything they remember about an event without any prompts. This method can yield spontaneous information but tends to be less structured.

What is Cued Recall?

Cued Recall provides specific cues or prompts to help the eyewitness retrieve targeted information. This technique can enhance detail in the recall but may introduce suggestive influences.

What is Recognition in the context of recall protocols?

Recognition involves presenting the eyewitness with options, such as lineups or photo arrays, to identify familiar individuals or details. This method relies on their ability to discern previously encountered stimuli.

What are Structured Interviews?

Structured Interviews use a standardized approach with a series of guided questions. This method ensures comprehensive coverage of the incident while minimizing the risk of leading questions.

What is the Cognitive Interview?

The Cognitive Interview is a detailed, multi-step method that encourages contextual and emotional recall by integrating techniques such as reinstating the environment and fostering the reporting of all details.

Police Selection Process

A structured method to identify desirable and undesirable qualities in potential police officers.

KSA

Knowledge, Skills, and Abilities needed to be a good police officer.

Intelligence Tests

Tests implemented in 1917 for police selection to assess cognitive abilities.

Personality Tests

Evaluations used since the 1950s to gauge traits relevant to policing.

Predictive Validity

A measure of how well a selection instrument predicts job performance.

Situational Tests

Real-world simulations of police tasks used in assessment centers.

Discretion in Policing

The freedom officers have in deciding when and how to enforce the law.

Racial Profiling

An inappropriate use of police discretion based on race rather than evidence.

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

A personality test commonly used in police selection to identify psychological issues.

Inwald Personality Inventory (IPI)

A personality assessment specifically designed for police officer selection.

Organizational Stress

Stress linked to excessive paperwork and other organizational challenges in policing.

Cognitive Ability Tests

Assessments measuring verbal, mathematical, and reasoning abilities for police candidates.

Use of Force

The necessity to use appropriate levels of force based on perceived threats in policing.

Peer vs. Supervisor Ratings

Different evaluations of officers' performance that may yield conflicting insights.

Crisis Intervention

Strategies used by police to manage and de-escalate potentially volatile situations.

Job Analysis

The process of defining the knowledge, skills, and abilities required for policing.

Assessment Centres

Facilities where applicants' behaviors are observed during situational tests.

Resiliency Training

Training focused on helping officers adapt to stress and challenges effectively.

Psychological Debriefings

Post-incident interventions aimed at supporting officers through emotional distress.

Stress Management Programs

Various strategies implemented to help officers cope with the stress of policing.

Consequences of Police Stress

Negative impacts such as health problems, psychological issues, and reduced job performance.

Forensic Psychology

The study and application of psychology to the legal system.

Narrow definition of Forensic Psychology

Focuses on the clinical aspects such as assessment and treatment, excluding research roles.

Broad definition of Forensic Psychology

Involves human behavior in relation to the legal system, including both research and practice.

Admissibility Criteria: Frye

Test established that expert testimony must be generally accepted in the scientific community.

Admissibility Criteria: Daubert

Test defining expert testimony as admissible if it is by a qualified expert, relevant, and reliable.

Admissibility Criteria: Mohan

Canadian criteria ensuring expert testimony is relevant, necessary, and provided by a qualified expert.

Expert Witness

An individual who provides opinion based on relevant experience to assist judges and jurors.

Dual Roles of Forensic Psychologists

Roles include clinician and legal scholar, focusing on mental health issues and legal analysis.

Functions of an Expert Witness

To provide educated opinions and assist in the decision-making process of the legal system.

Challenges of Expert Testimony

Includes understanding case details, effective communication, and bridging differences between psychology and law.

Daniel M'Naghten

First individual found not guilty by reason of insanity, influencing forensic psychology and law.

The American Psychology-Law Society (AP-LS)

Founded in 1968-69, it promotes the study and practice of psychology in the legal context.

Psychological Research in Legal Contexts

Includes examining risk assessments, eyewitness reliability, and juror decision making.

Forensic Psychologist's Training

Typically requires PhD-level training in a forensic program or specialization.

Ethical Issues in Forensic Psychology

Common issues include managing multiple roles and maintaining confidentiality.

Testimony

A formal statement given in a court of law by a witness.

Suggestibility

The degree to which a person’s recall of episodic memories can be altered by misleading information.

Recall

The process of retrieving information from memory.

Anatomically Detailed Dolls

Dolls used in interviews with children to help them express experiences, though not standardly accepted.

Cognitive interview

An interviewing technique designed to enhance the amount of information recalled by witnesses and victims.

Free recall

A type of questioning where the individual is asked to recount everything they remember without prompts.

Delayed recall

The ability to retrieve information after a period of time has elapsed since the event.

Source monitoring

The process of determining the origins of memories; errors can occur when children misattribute where information comes from.

Child maltreatment categories

The classifications of abuse which include physical abuse, sexual abuse, neglect, and emotional maltreatment.

Interview protocols

Standardized methods implemented during interviews to elicit accurate responses from witnesses.

Memory distortion

Alterations or inaccuracies in recollections of past events, often seen in children.

Courtroom accommodation

Adjustments made in the courtroom setting to assist child witnesses during testimony.

Criterion-based content analysis

A method used to differentiate between true and fabricated statements made by children.

Open-ended questions

Questions that allow the respondent to provide a free-form answer, rather than a simple yes or no.

Social compliance

The tendency of children to trust and comply with adult requests, influencing their responses in interviews.

False memory syndrome

A condition in which a person remembers events that did not occur or recalls false details about real events.

Peer questioning

A practice technique where individuals take turns questioning each other to garner accurate information.

Support person

An individual who accompanies a child witness to provide emotional support during testimony.

Emotional maltreatment

A form of abuse involving emotional harm, neglect, or failure to provide a supportive environment.

Externalizing behaviour

Actions directed outward, such as aggression or defiance, often observed in children subjected to abuse.

What is a cognitive interview?

A cognitive interview is a method used by law enforcement to enhance the retrieval of information from eyewitnesses.

How does a cognitive interview differ from a standard interview?

A cognitive interview employs specific techniques to improve memory recall, while a standard interview may not utilize these strategies.

Why is the cognitive interview significant in criminal investigations?

The cognitive interview can lead to more accurate witness statements, which can be critical in solving cases.

What techniques are used in a cognitive interview?

Techniques include mental reinstatement of the context and varied recounting of the event.

What is the role of rapport in cognitive interviews?

Establishing rapport is essential as it encourages witnesses to provide more detailed accounts.

How does the cognitive interview impact witness confidence?

Cognitive interviews can increase witness confidence in their recollections, which assists in memory accuracy.

What does STP stand for in the STP interview process?

STP stands for Standardized Testing Procedure.

What is the purpose of the STP interview process?

The purpose of the STP interview process is to evaluate candidates systematically and fairly using standardized questions.

How does the STP interview process ensure fairness?

By using the same set of questions for all candidates, the STP interview process helps to minimize bias and variation.

What types of questions are typically included in the STP interview process?

Questions may include situational, behavioral, and competency-based inquiries.

Why is it important to use a structured format in the STP interview process?

A structured format allows for better comparison of candidates and enhances the reliability of the interview outcomes.

How does the STP interview process impact hiring decisions?

It provides a consistent framework that aids in making more objective and informed hiring decisions.

Types of Offences

There are three types of offences in Canada: Summary, Indictable, and Hybrid.

Indictable Offences

Divided into three categories: less serious (judge only), highly serious (judge and jury), and those where the accused can choose between judge or jury.

Summary Offences

Minor offences in which the judicial process is usually faster and less formal.

Hybrid Offences

Offences that can be treated as either summary or indictable at the Crown’s discretion.

Preemptory Challenges

Removed by Bill C-75; a challenge allowing lawyers to dismiss potential jurors without stating a reason.