Unit 2: Population and Migration Patterns and Processes Vocab

Population density

The number of people living in a unit of land area

Arithmetic density

The total number of people divided by the total land area

Physiological density

The number of people per unit of arable land

Agricultural density

The number of farmers per unit of arable land

Population distribution

The arrangement of population on earth.

Carrying capacity

The maximum number of a species that can sustainably live in a given area.

Crude birth rate (CBR)

The average annual number of births per thousand people

Crude death rate (CDR)

The average number of deaths per thousand people

Natural increase rate (NIR)

The percentage growth of a population per year, calculated as the difference between the crude birth rate and the crude death rate.

Zero population growth

A phenomenon where the population's crude birth rate and crude death rate are the same, so the population neither grows nor declines

Total fertility rate (TFR)

The average number of children a woman will have during her childbearing years

Infant mortality rate (IMR)

The annual number of children who die before their first birthday, per 1,000 live births

Life expectancy

The average number of years an infant is expected to live

GDP per capita

Gross Domestic Product, or the market value of all goods and services produced in a country in a given year, divided by the number of people in that nation

Baby boom

An increase in birth rate

Baby bust

A decrease in birth rate

Population pyramid

A double bar graph showing age and sex distribution of a place

Dependency ratio

The percentage of children too young to work plus the percentage of people too old to work as compared to the percentage of the rest of the population

Doubling time

The time needed to double a population

Overpopulation

When a region or country does not have enough resources to meet the needs of its population

Exponential rate

A rate that is a percentage of a given number

Arithmetical rate

A rate that is a constant number added to a given number

Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

A model of four stages of economic development and population change that all countries of the world have experienced

Agricultural revolution

A time when people began domesticating plants and animals for food purposes and depended less on hunting and gathering

Epidemiological Transition Theory

Distinctive causes of death in each stage of the DTM

Negative population growth

When a population declines over time, usually due to a higher mortality rate than birth rate, or due to migration out of the country

Natalist policies

People who believe future population growth will have negative consequences for much of the world

Anti-natalist policies

Government policies that discourage the growth of population

Pro-natalist policies

Government policies that encourage the growth of population

Migration

A permanent or semi-permanent move from one location to another

Push factors

Something that encourages an individual to migrate away from a certain place by pushing an individual out

Pull factors

Something that attracts an individual to migrate to a certain place by luring a person into a new place

Emigrant

A person who leaves one area for another

Immigrant

A person who comes to live permanently in a foreign country

Migrant

A person who moves temporarily from one area of a country to another

Megacities

City with a population of at least 10 million people

Migration streams

Group migrations from a place of origin to a destination

Migration counter-streams

Group migrations from a new location back to a place of origin

Voluntary migration

Movements in which the participants have freely made the decision to relocate

Forced migration

Movements in which the participants have no choice but to relocate

Refugee

A person forced to leave his or her country because of war, persecution, or natural disaster

Asylum

The protection granted by a nation to someone who has left their native country as a political refugee

Ravenstein's laws of migration

A set of findings by E.G. Ravenstein with regard to aspects of migration

Internal migration

Permanent movement within the same country

International migration

Permanent movement from one country to another country

Transnational migration

Permanent movement across international borders, establishing a degree of connection and interaction that transcends a single nation-state.

Friction of distance

The additional time, cost, and effort required to interact with people or businesses over greater distances, as opposed to those that are nearby

Migration selectivity

The study of how likely a person is to migrate based on socioeconomic factors

Gravity model of migration

A model that says the likelihood of migration between two locations is proportionally related to the populations of those two locations and inversely related to the distance between the two locations

Ethnic enclaves

A neighborhood in a city or country where a particular ethnic group lives and practices similar cultural attributes that are different from the general population

Distance decay

The farther away different places are from an original site, the less likely the interaction with the original place will be

Spatial interaction

Movement of goods, people, or ideas from one location to another

Immigration

Migration into a new location

Emigration

Migration from a location

Net migration

The difference between the number of immigrants and the number of emigrants in a particular area

Chain migration

A type of migration that occurs when a few individuals settle in an area and develop institutions and knowledge that encourages many more immigrants from their group to settle in that same area

Step migration

Migration in parts; for example, a migrant might move to a farm, then to a small village, next a town, and finally a major city

Return migration

A cyclical migration in which migrants leave an area for a period of time but eventually return to the area from which they left

Remittance

A sum of money sent from one individual to another

Interregional migration

Migration from one region of a country to another region of the same country

Intraregional migration

Migration within one region of a country

Environmental degradation

Destruction or deterioration of the environment and its ecosystems caused by overuse or loss of natural resources

Internal displacement

Forced migration within a specific country

Conflict-induced displacement

Forced migration due to armed conflict, including civil war, generalized violence, and persecution on the grounds of nationality, race, religion, political opinion, or social group when the government is unable or unwilling to protect the victims

Host country

The country that receives immigrants

Native country

An immigrant's country of origin

Relocation diffusion

Business and cultural diffusion that occurs when people move from one location to another

Hearth

The original location of a new idea, innovation, or characteristic

Acculturation

The adoption of cultural traits, such as language, by one group under the influence of another

Assimilation

The final completion of the cultural acculturation process, when a culture group loses all its original traits and becomes fully a part of a different, dominating culture

Hierarchical diffusion

A type of expansion diffusion that extends from people or places of power to people and places of lesser power

Reparations

Payment of money or other help to a group that has been wronged

Brain drain

The loss of human capital as a result of emigration

Brain gain

The gain of human capital as a result of immigration

Repatriation

The return of a refugee or a group of refugees to their native country, usually with the help of government organization

Melting pot theory

The belief that different coexisting cultures assimilate into one common and homogenous culture

Salad bowl theory

The belief that immigrant cultures should be integrated into the whole of American culture and still maintain their defining characteristics

Suburbs

A residential area located on the outskirts of a city

White flight

Migration of white population to the suburbs consequent to an increase of minority population in urban areas

Bright flight

Migration of skilled and well-educated population from suburban to urban areas

Gentrification

The process by which older, run-down urban areas are restored by middle-class people who move back into a city from the suburbs; this process results in the displacement of lower-income residents, an influx of new money, and higher prices for housing and other necessities

Growth poles

The concentration of highly innovative and technically advanced industries that stimulate economic development in linked businesses and industries