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Population density
The number of people living in a unit of land area
Arithmetic density
The total number of people divided by the total land area
Physiological density
The number of people per unit of arable land
Agricultural density
The number of farmers per unit of arable land
Population distribution
The arrangement of population on earth.
Carrying capacity
The maximum number of a species that can sustainably live in a given area.
Crude birth rate (CBR)
The average annual number of births per thousand people
Crude death rate (CDR)
The average number of deaths per thousand people
Natural increase rate (NIR)
The percentage growth of a population per year, calculated as the difference between the crude birth rate and the crude death rate.
Zero population growth
A phenomenon where the population's crude birth rate and crude death rate are the same, so the population neither grows nor declines
Total fertility rate (TFR)
The average number of children a woman will have during her childbearing years
Infant mortality rate (IMR)
The annual number of children who die before their first birthday, per 1,000 live births
Life expectancy
The average number of years an infant is expected to live
GDP per capita
Gross Domestic Product, or the market value of all goods and services produced in a country in a given year, divided by the number of people in that nation
Baby boom
An increase in birth rate
Baby bust
A decrease in birth rate
Population pyramid
A double bar graph showing age and sex distribution of a place
Dependency ratio
The percentage of children too young to work plus the percentage of people too old to work as compared to the percentage of the rest of the population
Doubling time
The time needed to double a population
Overpopulation
When a region or country does not have enough resources to meet the needs of its population
Exponential rate
A rate that is a percentage of a given number
Arithmetical rate
A rate that is a constant number added to a given number
Demographic Transition Model (DTM)
A model of four stages of economic development and population change that all countries of the world have experienced
Agricultural revolution
A time when people began domesticating plants and animals for food purposes and depended less on hunting and gathering
Epidemiological Transition Theory
Distinctive causes of death in each stage of the DTM
Negative population growth
When a population declines over time, usually due to a higher mortality rate than birth rate, or due to migration out of the country
Natalist policies
People who believe future population growth will have negative consequences for much of the world
Anti-natalist policies
Government policies that discourage the growth of population
Pro-natalist policies
Government policies that encourage the growth of population
Migration
A permanent or semi-permanent move from one location to another
Push factors
Something that encourages an individual to migrate away from a certain place by pushing an individual out
Pull factors
Something that attracts an individual to migrate to a certain place by luring a person into a new place
Emigrant
A person who leaves one area for another
Immigrant
A person who comes to live permanently in a foreign country
Migrant
A person who moves temporarily from one area of a country to another
Megacities
City with a population of at least 10 million people
Migration streams
Group migrations from a place of origin to a destination
Migration counter-streams
Group migrations from a new location back to a place of origin
Voluntary migration
Movements in which the participants have freely made the decision to relocate
Forced migration
Movements in which the participants have no choice but to relocate
Refugee
A person forced to leave his or her country because of war, persecution, or natural disaster
Asylum
The protection granted by a nation to someone who has left their native country as a political refugee
Ravenstein's laws of migration
A set of findings by E.G. Ravenstein with regard to aspects of migration
Internal migration
Permanent movement within the same country
International migration
Permanent movement from one country to another country
Transnational migration
Permanent movement across international borders, establishing a degree of connection and interaction that transcends a single nation-state.
Friction of distance
The additional time, cost, and effort required to interact with people or businesses over greater distances, as opposed to those that are nearby
Migration selectivity
The study of how likely a person is to migrate based on socioeconomic factors
Gravity model of migration
A model that says the likelihood of migration between two locations is proportionally related to the populations of those two locations and inversely related to the distance between the two locations
Ethnic enclaves
A neighborhood in a city or country where a particular ethnic group lives and practices similar cultural attributes that are different from the general population
Distance decay
The farther away different places are from an original site, the less likely the interaction with the original place will be
Spatial interaction
Movement of goods, people, or ideas from one location to another
Immigration
Migration into a new location
Emigration
Migration from a location
Net migration
The difference between the number of immigrants and the number of emigrants in a particular area
Chain migration
A type of migration that occurs when a few individuals settle in an area and develop institutions and knowledge that encourages many more immigrants from their group to settle in that same area
Step migration
Migration in parts; for example, a migrant might move to a farm, then to a small village, next a town, and finally a major city
Return migration
A cyclical migration in which migrants leave an area for a period of time but eventually return to the area from which they left
Remittance
A sum of money sent from one individual to another
Interregional migration
Migration from one region of a country to another region of the same country
Intraregional migration
Migration within one region of a country
Environmental degradation
Destruction or deterioration of the environment and its ecosystems caused by overuse or loss of natural resources
Internal displacement
Forced migration within a specific country
Conflict-induced displacement
Forced migration due to armed conflict, including civil war, generalized violence, and persecution on the grounds of nationality, race, religion, political opinion, or social group when the government is unable or unwilling to protect the victims
Host country
Native country
Relocation diffusion
Hearth
Acculturation
Assimilation
Hierarchical diffusion
Reparations
Brain drain
Brain gain
Repatriation
Melting pot theory
Salad bowl theory
Suburbs
White flight
Bright flight
Gentrification
Growth poles