History - michaelmas exam 2023

flashcards

What country were producing sugar (AD350-1100?)

Spain, India, Egypt, North Africa, Arabia

What were the new farming methods to grown sugar cane? (AD350-1100)

In AD350-1100 new farming methods were used to grow sugar cane. Water sugar cane and build watermills to grind the sugar.

Why can a source be limiting?

1) factual or reliable?

2) Who is in the source

3) Painting = from imagination

4) Where it is - no clue

5) illlustrator/painter = bias?

give an effect on the industrialisation of sugar (AD350-1100?)

• factory owners made huge profits from increased sales

• more products produced as more sugar was bought.

• Higher sales of sugar meant better working facilities for workers.

give another effect on the industrialisation of sugar (1800-1900)

• working class could afford sugar. Easiest and quickest way to get energy as they would burn alot of calories.

• People ate it from biscuits, jam, tea

How did sugar spread to Europe and the caribeean? (1100-1500)

Europe is too cold to grow sugar canes and Europe’s trade with the Islamic world increased - sugar began to appear in European markets. in 1492, Christopher Colombus discovered the caribbean and planted sugar canes.

Describe the outward passage of the triangular trade

Manufactured goods such as linen, guns and alcohol were transported from Britain to Africa.

Describe the inward passage of the triangular trade

Ships returned to Britain with products from slave plantations including sugar, rum and tobacco.

Describe the middle passage of the triangular trade

Enslaved african people were transported in awful conditions on 4-6 week journey.

How did India start producing sugar?

India grows sugar as it is hot. in AD350 people began crushing the cane and boiling the juice to make sugar crystals. It was added to food to sweeten it

How did sugar reach the Islamic world (AD350-110)

Religion of Islam grew rapidly from it’s home land (Arabia.) They used to use honey as their sweetener however then contact with India gave them a new sweetener - sugar

What is a scramble auction?

The bidders would all pay a fixed price and then grab whichever slave they wanted. This happened as the slaves were unable to be sold due to weakness ect.

What was the bad things of ‘ Human impact of sugar;

• 12 million slaves were being captured in Africa by European traders.

• Thousands of slave ships sailed from West Africa to Caribbean. Some had 600 enslaved African people.

• Many people died from the journey as they packed into dark airless holes below deck - chained together

• Arrival in the West Indies = slaves were cleaned and scars (beatings) were covered using hot tar.

effects on the triangular trade (pros)

• investors get rich

• growth in Caribbean sugar trade created great wealth

• Plantations Owners made vast fortunes from increased sales of sugar

• upper+middle class profitted from slave trade

effects on the triangular trade (use)

• used in tea, coffee, choclate. Products were bought to Britain in 1650

• Recipe Books encouraged to produce puddings, cakes, tarts which were sweet - end with sugar

• Sugar was fashionable + sugar loaves were used as decorative items - wealth

What was the ‘Human impact of sugar’ ( good things)

• West African Leaders - captured people and sold them to Europeans.

• British Slave Traders - Bought and sold enslaved Africans.

• Factory Owners - textiles from Yorkshire + Lancashire were bought by slave-captains to barter with. Glassware was needed to bottle rum

• Plantation Owners - used slave labour to grow crops. Vast profits could be made by using upaid workers. Retired = Mps, invent, large houses

• British Slave ship owners = voyages made 20%-50% profit - large sums of money made by ship owners who never left England