Organic compounds

How does addition reactions work with Alkenes

Carbon-carbon double bond can open up and allow two carbons to bond to atoms of another molecule

What is a functional group

A group of atoms that determine how a compound typically reacts. Eg C=C

What are the three types of addition reactions

With hydrogen, with water and with halogens

Alkenes reaction with hydrogens

…creates an alkane, requires a catalyst eg propene + hydrogen —> propane

Alkenes reaction with water

Produces alcohols, requires catalysts and high temperature, eg ethene + water —> ethanol

Describe conversion of Ethene to ethanol process

Reaction mixture passed into condenser, ethanol and water have a huger boiling point than ethene so both condense, alcohol can be purified from mixture by fractional distillation

Alkenes reactions with halogens

Molecules formed are saturated with the C=C , carbons each becoming bonded to halogen atom, Doesn’t require a catalyst,

Example of Alkenes reaction with halogens

bromine water and ethene producing dibromoethane

What is addition polymerisation

When lots of monomers open up their double bonds and join together to form polymers

What is a polymer

Large molecules made up of repeating units called monomers

What is a monomer

Identical small (alkene) molecules

What is a repeating unit

The same group of atoms as are in monomers repeated throughout the polymer

What is the feature for alkenes

Carbon to carbon double bond

What can happen to the carbon to carbon double bond

It can break to allow carbons to form new bonds with something else

How do you name polymers

Poly(monomer), eg poly(ethene)

What is required for addition polymerisation to work

High pressure and catalyst

What are alcohols

A group of compounds that all contain a OH functional group, homologous series

What are the first four alcohols in the homologous series

Methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol

What is the general formula for alcohols

CnH2n+1OH

Why does the properties (of alcohol) change as we go along the series

Molecules get bigger

What are the properties of alcohols

Flammable, soluble, oxidise to form carboxylic acids

Alcohols can dissolve in water to form a ___ solution

Neutral

What are the uses of alcohols

Fuels, solvents, alcoholic drinks

Why are alcohols used as a solvent in the industry

Can dissolve things water can’t eg hydrocarbons and lipid compounds

What is methylated spirit and its uses

Ethanol with chemicals added to it, used to clean paintbrushes, fuel

What colour is methylated spirits and why

Purple-blue to stop people drinking it from mistake as it’s poisonous

What is ethanol a solvent for

Perfumes and aftershave

What is fermentation word equation

Sugar —yeast—> carbon dioxide + ethanol

What are optimal conditions for fermentation

37 degrees, slightly acidic solution, anaerobic conditions

What are carboxylic acids

A group of compounds that all contain a COOH functional group, names end in anoic acid

What are the first four carboxylic acids in the homologous Series

Methanoic, ethanoic, propanoic, butanoic

What is the general formula for carboxylic acids

CnH2n+1COOH

carboxylic acids reactions with metal carbonates

Carboxylic acid + metal carbonate —> salt + water + carbon dioxide

How are carboxylic acids made

Oxidising an alcohol (using an oxidising agent)

Carboxylic acids are…

…weak acids, don’t fully ionise

Ionization equations for carboxylic acids

Ethanoic acid —>/<— ethanoate ion(negative) + hydrogen (positive)

What is the functional group of esters

COO

What are the properties of esters

Pleasant smelling (sweet or fruity), volatile

What are the uses for esters

Perfumes, food flavourings

How are esters formed

Carboxylic acid + alcohol —acid catalyst—> ester + water

What is the catalyst usually used to make esters

Concentrated sulphuric acid

What does the water group do

Links carboxylic acid and alcohol together

What is condensation polymerisation

Involves monomers which contain two functional groups and when reacted with each other form bonds between them

Name a type of condensation polymer

Polyester

How is the ester link formed/ how does dicarboxylic acid monomer combine with diol monomer

DC acid gives up its OH group and the Diol gives up a hydrogen atom from its OH group, combining to form water, so carbon from DC acid bonds directly with oxygen from diol and it’s this bond that’s the ester link

What is the equation for condensation polymers

Dicarboxylic acid + diol —> condensation polymer + 2 water

What are the requirements for condensation polymerisation

Each monomer has to have at least two functional groups, two different functional groups over all, small molecule given off in the process (usually water)

Why are polyesters generally biodegradable

Bacteria and microorganisms can break down ester link

What are proteins

A combination of polypeptides, can combine in many different combinations

How is the carboxyl group and amino group in amino acids joined together

By carbon

What does the two functional groups allow

Allows adjacent amino acids to join together through condensation reactions

What are the uses of proteins

Catalysing chemical reactions as enzymes, structure and strength for tissues etc

R group changes depending on…

…which amino acid it is

What is the C-N bond called in amino acids

Amide bond/link or peptide bond

What is DNA made up of

Two monomer chains called nucleotides

What does each nucleotide contain

A small molecule (base) that pairs to form cross links keeping two strands of nucleotides together and giving double helix structure

What are carbohydrates

The number of different polymers and monomers we derive energy from

What are carbohydrates all made of

Carbon, oxygen and hydrogen

Carbohydrate polymers

Starch, cellulose, glycogen

Carbohydrate monomers

Glucose, fructose

What are the other natural occurring polymers

DNA, amino acids and proteins, carbohydrates