ap govt buzzwords

Limited Government

- government can only exercise the powers granted to it by the Constitution. Government should be conducted according to the rule of law.

Natural Rights

John Locke stated that the natural rights were life, liberty, and property; these rights are inalienable (cannot be taken away by the government)

Popular Sovereignty

- the principle that governmental authority is derived from the people - consent of the governed.

Republicanism

the idea that government is rooted in the consent of the governed; a representative or indirect democracy (laws are made by people the citizens elect)

direct/participatory democracy

 a system of government in which members of the polity (voters in the community) meet to discuss all policy decisions and then agree to abide by majority rule

pluralism

 the interpretation of democracy in which government by the people is taken to mean government by people operating through competing interest groups

elite theory (sometimes called power elite theory)

- the view that a small group of people actually makes most of the government decisions

Federalism

power is divided between the national government and the state governments

Federalists

- supporters of ratification of the U.S. Constitution; they wanted a strong national (federal) government and weaker state governments

Anti-Federalists

 did not support ratification of the U.S. Constitution; they wanted stronger state governments and weaker national (federal) government; they wanted a bill of rights

Factions

 James Madison called political parties and interest groups “factions” in Federalist No. 10

Articles of Confederation

the first constitution of the United States; gave more power to the states than to the national (federal) government

Shay’s Rebellion

a 1786 rebellion in which an army of 1,500 disgruntled farmers marched to Springfield, MA, and forcibly restrained the state court from foreclosing on farmers’ mortgages. The rebellion caused many U.S. leaders to call for a stronger national government.

Great Compromise

- a decision made during the Constitutional Convention to give each state the same number of representatives in the Senate regardless of size; representation in the House was determined by population

Electoral college

 a body of electors chosen by each party to cast ballots for president and vice president. If the democratic party candidate wins the most votes in the state, the democratic party electors vote for president and vice president. If the republican party candidate wins the most votes, the republican electors vote for president and vice president.

Three-fifths compromise

agreement reached at the Constitutional Convention (meeting to rewrite the constitution) stipulating that each slave was to counted as three-fifths of a person for purposes of determining population for representation in the U.S. House of Representatives

Congress -

the bicameral (two chambers - House of Representatives and the Senate) legislature of the United States

President -

the person in charge of the Executie branch of government who carries out the laws

Federal Judiciary

he three-tiered court system (district court, court of appeals, and Supreme Court) of the national government

Checks and balance

a governmental structure that gives each of the three branches of government some degree of oversight and control over the actions of the others

Separation of powers

the founding fathers divided the government into three branches [Legislative (divided further into House of Representatives and Senate), Executive, and Judicial] so that no one branch would have too much power

Concurrent powers

powers shared by the national government and the state government such as the ability to tax

Federal Revenue Sharing

 a federal program that lasted from 1972 to 1986 that sent money from the federal government to state and local governments to use as each government saw fit.

Mandate

 a requirement that a state undertake an activity or provide a service because the national government says it must. Many times the national government provides money to the state to accomplish the activity(there might be financial penalties for not complying).

Categorical grants

grants given for a very specific purpose; given to states and local governments from the national government

Block grants

broad grants (outlays of money) with few strings attached; given to states and local governments from the national government for broad categories such as education and transportation

Tenth Amendment

 powers not given to the federal government (national government) or denied to the states, are reserved to the states

Fourteenth Amendment

 all persons born or naturalized in the U.S. are citizens of the U.S. and the state they live in; No state shall limit a citizen’s privileges and immunities of citizenship; No state shall deprive a person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law; No state shall deny a person equal protection of the laws.

Commerce clause

 the third clause of Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution, which gives Congress the power to  regulate commerce among the states. This clause has been cited many times by the Supreme Court to uphold laws enacted by Congress.

Necessary and proper claus

Article I, Section 8, Clause 18 states that congress shall have the power to make all laws “necessary and proper” for carrying out their enumerated powers; also called the elastic clause

Enumerated/expressed powers

 powers of legislative, executive, and judicial branches that are specifically spelled out in the Constitution

Implied powers

powers derived from the enumerated powers and the necessary and proper clause. These powers are not stated in the Constitution specifically but are considered to be reasonably implied through the exercise of delegated powers.

Policy making

the crafting of proposed ways to resolve public problems

government

 the formal vehicles through which policies are made and affairs of state are conducted   

national sovereignty

a political entity’s (usually a country) externally recognized right to exercise final authority over its affairs

order

 established ways of social behavior

public goods

 government provided benefits and services (parks and and sanitation) that benefit all citizens but are not likely to produced voluntarily by individuals or companies

police power

 the authority of the government to maintain order and safeguard citizens’ health, morals, safety, and welfare

political equality

equality in political decision making: one vote per person, with all votes counted equally

social equality

equality in wealth, education, and status

equality of opportunity

 the idea that each person is guaranteed the same chance to succeed in life

equality of outcome

- the idea that society must ensure that people are equal, and governments must design policies to redistribute wealth and status so that economic and social equality is actually achieved

rights -

guh

direct/participatory democracy

a system of government in which members of the polity (voters in the community) meet to discuss all policy decisions and then agree to abide by majority rule

autocracy

 a system of government in which the power to govern is concentrated in the hands of 1 guy

oligarchy

 a system of government in which the power is concentrated in the hands of a few people

democracy

 a system of government in which, in theory,  the people rule, either directly or indirectly

universal participation

 the concept that everyone in a democracy should participate in governmental decision making

majority rule

the principle - basic to procedural democratic theory - that the decisions of the group must reflect the preference of more than half of those participating: a simple majority

minority rights

 the benefits of government that cannot be denied to any citizen by majority decisions

pluralism

 the interpretation of democracy in which government by the people is taken to mean government by people operating through competing interest groups

hyperpluralism

 a situation exists in which many groups or factions are so strong that a government is unable to function

citizen

Kirk

civil society

 society created when citizens are allowed to organize and express their views publicly as they engage in an open debate about public policy

indirect (representative) democracy

- a system of government that gives citizens the opportunity to vote for representatives who will work on their behalf

Monarchy

 a form of government in which power is vested in hereditary kings and queens who govern in the interests of all

Politics

the study of who gets what, when, and how - or how policy decisions are made

Confederation

- type of government where the national (federal) government derives its powers from the the states; a league of independent states

Articles of Confederation

 the first constitution of the United States; gave more power to the states than to the national (federal) government

Virginia Plan

 called for a bicameral legislature and representation based on each state’s population

New Jersey Plan

 a framework for the Constitution proposed by a group of small states; its key points were a one-house legislature with one vote for each state, the establishment of the acts of Congress as the “supreme law” of the land, and a supreme judiciary with limited power.  

Legislative branch

 the part of government that makes the laws (Article I of the Constitution)    

Executive branch

 the part of government that carries out the laws and runs the country (Article II of the Constitution)

Judicial branch

 the part of government that interprets the laws through Judicial Review (Article III of the Constitution)

unitary system

- system of government where all power comes from a strong national (federal) government

Implied powers

- powers derived from the enumerated powers and the necessary and proper clause. These powers are not stated in the Constitution specifically but are considered to be reasonably implied through the exercise of delegated powers.                      

Judicial review

- not specifically stated in the Constitution; power of the federal courts to review the actions of all government organizations/employees (federal, state, and local) to determine if those actions are in compliance with the Constitution (Constitutional); this power comes from the Supreme Court case - Marbury v. Madison   

                                                             

Supremacy clause

 Article VI, Section 2 states that the laws of the national (federal) government override conflicting laws of the states and local governments    

Federalist papers

 a series of eighty-five political papers written by John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, and James Madison in support of ratification of the U.S. Constitution             

Bill of Rights

 the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution

Constitution

- a document establishing the structure, functions, and limitations of a government

Full faith and credit clause

 Article IV, Section 1 of the Constitution that ensures judicial decrees and contracts made in one state will be binding and enforceable in any other state.

Bicameral legislature

legislature with two chambers; in the U.S. our bicameral legislature consists of the House of Representatives and the Senate

Consent of the governed

idea attributed to John Locke stating that the legitimacy of a government comes from the citizens not God (as in divine right of kings); the people agree to be governed and when they do not want to be governed by particular leaders anymore, they can overthrow govt

Ratification

approval by a legislative body: the U.S. Senate has the power to ratifies treaties and judicial nominees sent to it by the president

Unicameral legislature

- legislature with only one chamber

Inalienable

Devolution (nethuja)

 the idea that governing power should move from the national government (federal)  to the state governments

Dual federalism

 the idea that the powers of the the national government and the the powers of the state governments are clearly differentiated (separated); nickname is layer cake federalism

Cooperative federalism

 the idea that there is much overlap between the powers of state government and national government; nickname is marble cake federalism

Grants-in-aid

the general term for money given from a more powerful government to a less powerful government to help pay for a program; the term is usually known as a grant

Reserved powers

powers not specifically granted to the national government or denied to the states. Reserved powers are held by the states through the Tenth Amendment.

Unfunded mandates

- a requirement that a state undertake an activity or provide a service because the national government says it must AND THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT DOES NOT PROVIDE MONEY TO ACCOMPLISH THE ACTIVITY (there might be financial penalties for not complying). 

Nullification

 a legal theory that argues that states can nullify (invalidate) any federal law that the state thinks is unconstitutional. The theory has never been upheld by federal courts.

Extraordinary/super-majority

 a majority greater than a regular majority of half plus one; examples would be ⅔ majority or ¾ majority