Chemistry

Acid according to Arrhenius

Acids produce hydrogen ions in aqueous solutions

acids according to Lowry-Bronsted theory

An acid is a proton donator

Bases according to Arrhenius’ theory

Produces hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions

Bases according to the Bronsted Lowry theory

A proton acceptor

Strong acids

Ionize completely in water to form a high concentration of H3O plus ions

weak acids

Ionize in completely in water to form a low concentration of H3O plus ions

Strong bases

Dissociate completely in water to form a high concentration OH minus ions

Weak bases

Dissociate/ionize in completely in water to form a low concentration of OH minus ions

Hydrolysis

A reaction of a salt with water.

Approximate pH

(Equal two, smaller than or larger than seven) of salts insult hydrolysis

Hydrolysis of a weak acid and a strong base

Results in an alkaline solution pH less than seven examples include salts, such as sodium ethanoate , sodium oxalate, sodium carbonate

Endpoint point of a titration

The point where the indicator changes colour

Equivalence Point

Titration as the point at which the acid/base has completely reacted with the acid/base

Kw

The equilibrium constant for the ionization of water

Auto ionization of water

The reaction of water with itself to form H3O plus ions and OH minus ions

Organic molecules

Molecules containing carbon atoms

Hydrocarbon

An organic compounds that consist of hydrogen and carbon only.

Homologous series

A series of organic compounds that can be described by the same general formula

Saturated compound

Compounds in which the are no multiple bonds between C atoms in their hydrocarbon chains

Unsaturated compound

Compounds in with one or more multiple bonds between C atoms in their hydrocarbon chains

Functional Group

A bond or an atom or a group of atoms that determines the physical and chemical properties of a group of organic compound

Structural isomer

Organic molecules with the same molecular formula, but different structural formulae

Chain isomer

Same molecular formula, but different types of chains, e.g. butane 2-methylpropane

Positional isomers

Same molecular formula, but different positions of the side chains, substituents or functional groups on the parent chain e.g. but-1-ene and but-2-ene

Functional isomers

Same molecular formula, but different functional groups e.g. methyl methanoate and ethanoic acid

Cracking

The Chemical process in which longer hydrocarbon molecules are broken down into shorter more useful molecules