REHB 402 Exam 2

Syme’s amputation

Removal of foot at ankle

Transpelvic amputation/hemipelvectomy

Entire lower limb and half of pelvis removed

Forequarter/interscaupular-thoracic amputation

Entire arm, clavicle, and scapula removed

3 Types of chronic pain

1. Pain that persists beyond normal healing time

2. Pain related to chronic degenerative/malignant disease

3. Pain that persists for months or years but has no readily identifiable organic cause

Chronic pain syndrome

Condition characterized by physical, social, and behavioral dysfunction

Gender (female), age, disturbed sleep pattern, family history, rheumatic diseases

Fibromyalgia risk factors

Central sensitization, sleep disturbance, injury, abnormalities in autonomic nervous system

Fibromyalgia causes

Central sensitization

Lower threshold for pain because of increased sensitivity in the brain to the signal of pain

Rheumatic disease

Symptoms that affect the joints, muscles, and connective tissues

Subluxation

Not totally separated from joint

Ligaments

Tough bands of fiber that connect bones at the joint site; provide stability during movement

Tendons

Bands of tissue that connect muscle to bone; enables muscle movement

Cartilage

Dense type of connective tissue that creates form, maintains structure, and can withstand tension

Joint

Place where 2 or more bones are bound together

Articulation

Coming together of two bones at a joint

Synovial Joints

Freely moveable; enables movement and change of position

Articular cartilage

Lines the end of each bone; absorbs shock

Principle behind immune system function

ability to distinguish self from non-self

Marks cells within body as self

MHC aka HLA

Innate immunity

Body’s first line of defense, requires no previous exposure to antigen

Examples of innate immunity

physical barriers (skin), antimicrobial substances, substances in gastrointestinal tract, inflammation

Adaptive immunity

Prior exposure to antigen to be activated, specific types of cells (T cells and B cells)

Cellular immunity

Fights viruses, bacteria, cancer, some allergens, plays role in autoimmune response

Humoral immunity

Transformation of B cells into cells that produce and secrete antibodies to specific antigens

Bacteria

Organisms capable of living and reproducing on their own

Pathogens

Bacteria that causes disease

Viruses

unable to survive or reproduce without invading another cell

Autoimmune condition

When immune system directs a response to attack the body’s own cells as if they were foreign substabces

B Lymphocyte mature in ____

The bone marrow

B Lymphocytes___

WBCs that produce antibodies; can recognize and selectively respond to antigens

T Lymphocytes mature in___

The Thymus

T Lymphocytes are___

WBCs, regulators and controllers of the immune system; attack infected cells

Killer T cells (CD8)

Release chemicals that destroy targeted cells

Helper T cells (CD4)

Do not kill cells; help coordinate immune response

Red blood cells___

Carry oxygen

Hemostasis

Series of events that stop bleeding from damaged vessels

Coagulation factors from___

Liver, plasma, other sources

Fibrinogen

Formed in the liver and present in plasma; facilitates clot formation

Intrinsic blood clotting factors

Promotes clotting by making contact with substances within blood

Extrinsic blood clotting factors

Promotes clotting by interacting with substances outside the blood

Active immunity

Antibodies produced because of exposure to antigen, resulting in body’s generation of its own antibodies

Passive immunity

Antibodies from another person or animal introduced into individual

Endocrine system

Works together with CNS to regulate and direct body functions

Endocrine system composed of ____

Ductless glands

Main function of endocrine system

REGULATORY; different hormones altering various processes so that the body’s internal balance is maintained

Hypothalamus

Regulates hunger, thirst, sleep and wakefulness plus most of your involuntary mechanisms including body temp

Thyroid glands

Regulates energy and metabolism

Pancreas

Aids in digestion of protein, fats, and carbs; PRODUCES INSULIN which controls blood sugar levels

Ovaries

Influences how your blood circulates and determines your mental vigor and your sex drive

Pituitary glands

Controls all other endocrine glands; influences growth, metabolism, and regeneration

Parathyroid

Secretes hormones necessary for calcium absorption

Thymus

Helps build resistance to disease

Adrenal glands

Secretes compounds including cortisone and adrenaline which helps you react to emergencies; regulates your metabolic processes in the cells, water, balance, blood pressure, etc.

Hyperthyroidism (Grave’s Disease)

Overproduction of thyroid hormone; increased metabolic rate

Hyperthyroidism (Grave’s Disease) SYMPTOMS

Restlessness, irritability, nervousness, weight loss, heat intolerance, enlarged thyroid

Hypothyroidism

Inadequate production of thyroid hormone; slowed metabolic rate

Hypothyroidism SYMPTOMS

Lack of energy, fatigue, brittle hair, slow voice, slow mental processes, small thyroid, paranoia and delusions in severe cases

Cushing’s Syndrome

Over production of hormones (cortisol) by the adrenal cortex

Cushing’s Syndrome SYMPTOMS

Puffy face, obesity of the trunk, fat pads on the back, weakness, skin becomes thin and fragile, in women menstrual irregularities and facial hair growth

Addison’s disease

Underproduction of hormones produced by the adrenal cortex

Addison’s disease SYMPTOMS

Weakness, fatigue, dark skin pigmentation, weight loss, loss of appetite, negative stress reaction, electrolyte imbalance

Diabetes Mellitus

Chronic, incurable disorder of carbohydrate metabolism

Diabetes Mellitus STAT

18 million (6.3%) of population

Internal steps of diabetes

1. stomach changes food to glucose

2. glucose enters blood stream

3. pancreas makes little or no insulin

4. little or no insulin enters bloodstream

5. glucose builds up in bloodstream

Type 1 diabetes (insulin dependent)

10% of population, body produces little or no insulin, most severe type

Type 2 diabetes (non-insulin dependent)

90% of the population, body produces insulin but the insulin is insufficient to meet the total body need

Type 2 diabetes risk factor

OBESITY = risk factor

Diabetic coma

Too much glucose circulating in the blood; drowsy leading to unconsciousness— treatment: insulin

Insulin shock

Too much insulin in the blood, not enough glucose; caused by too much insulin, unusual amount of exercise, insufficient food intake

Function of the blood

Carry O2 and nutrients to body tissues, facilitates communication, expels waste, protects body from organisms, promotes clotting, regulates body temp

Red blood cells AKA

Erythrocytes

White blood cells AKA

Leukocytes

Platelets AKA

Thrombocytes

RBC formed in ___

Bone marrow

RBC Function

Carry O2 to tissues

Hemoglobin

red-pigmented protein; contains iron; found within RBC

WBC formed in ___

Bone marrow

WBC function

Predominant role in body’s defense system

Leukocytosis

WBCs proliferate so large numbers of them circulate in the bloodstream

Phagocytes

Scavenger WBCs

Platelets formed in ____

Bone marrow

Platelets function

Crucial role in blood clotting; CONTAIN NO HEMOGLOBIN

Thrombocytopenia

Decrease in platelets

Thrombocytosis

Increase in platelets

What fraction of platelets store in spleen?

1/3

Sickle cell disease

Genetic condition where there is a mutation in hemoglobin molecule; painful incapacitating vaso-occlusive events in which blood and O2 supply cut off to body tissues

Sickle cell crisis

Course includes painful periods and incapacitating vaso-occlusive events

Hemophilia

Chronic bleeding condition; deficiency or absence of one of the clotting factors (OCCURS IN WOMEN)

Hemophilia A

Deficiency in blood coagulation factor VIII (8)

Hemophilia B

Clotting factor IX (9) is defective

Replacement therapy (for hemophilia)

Plasma or plasma concentrates that contain clotting factors

Anemia

Reduction in the number of red blood cells circulating in blood; disrupts transport of oxygen to tissues in the body

Thalassemias

Inherited hemolytic conditions that result from deficient hemoglobin production; thin and fragile RBCs/defective hemoglobin synthesis

Polycythemia

Increase in number of RBCs and concentration of hemoglobin within blood

Agranulocytosis

Reduction in level of specific type of leukocyte

Purpura

Hemorrhage of small blood vessels

Leukemia

Overproduction of various types of WBCs

HIV cause

Retrovirus called human immunodeficiency virus

HIV mechanism

Takes over CD4 cells; impairs cells’ ability to recognize antigens to produce more HIV

HIV-1

Most common form, responsible for most cases of HIV