________ is a constituent of the ring structure of chlorophyll and helps to maintain the ribosome structure.
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Industrial combustions
________, forest fires, automobile exhausts and power- generating stations are also sources of atmospheric nitrogen oxides.
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Rhizobia
________ multiply and colonise the surroundings of roots and get attached to epidermal and root hair cells.
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ultraviolet radiation
In nature, lightning and ________ provide enough energy to convert nitrogen to nitrogen oxides (NO, NO2, N2O)
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Chlorosis
________ is the loss of chlorophyll leading to yellowing in leaves.
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requirement of micronutrients
The ________ is always in low amounts while their moderate decrease causes the deficiency symptoms and a moderate increase causes toxicity.
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Plants
________ compete with microbes for the limited nitrogen that is available in soil.
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prevalent element
Apart from carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, nitrogen is the most ________ in living organisms.
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solute concentration
Along with Na+ and K+, it helps in determining the ________ and the anion cation balance in cells.
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Reductive amination
________: In these processes, ammonia reacts with α- ketoglutaric acid and forms glutamic acid.
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Boron
________ is required for the uptake and utilization of Ca2+, membrane functioning, pollen germination, cell elongation, cell differentiation, and carbohydrate translocation.
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N2
The process of conversion of nitrogen (________) to ammonia is termed as nitrogenfixation.
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Nodule formation
________ involves a sequence of multiple interactions between Rhizobium and roots of the host plant.
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Sulfur
________ is present in two amino acids- cysteine and methionine and is the main constituent of several coenzymes, vitamins (thiamine, biotin, Coenzyme A), and ferredoxin.
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potassium ion
It is absorbed as a(n) ________ (K+)
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iron
Like ________, it is associated with certain enzymes involved in redox reactions and is reversibly oxidized from Cu+ to Cu2+.
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crop yield
Since deficiency of essential minerals affect the ________, there is often a need for supplying them through fertilisers.
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Phosphorus
________ is a constituent of cell membranes, certain proteins, all nucleic acids, and nucleotides, and is required for all phosphorylation reactions.
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Nitrogen
________ is one of the major constituents of proteins, nucleic acids, vitamins, and hormones.
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Potassium
________ plays an important role in the opening and closing of stomata.
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BO3
It is absorbed as ________ 3− or B O4 7 2−.
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Julius von Sachs
In 1860, ________, a prominent German botanist, demonstrated, for the first time, that plants could be grown to maturity in a defined nutrient solution in the complete absence of soil.
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Soil
________ not only supplies minerals but also harbours nitrogen- fixing bacteria, other microbes, holds water, supplies air to the roots and acts as a matrix that stabilises the plant.
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buds
In plants, this is required in more abundant quantities in the meristematic tissues, ________, leaves, and root tips.
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microbe
The ________, Frankia, also produces nitrogen- fixing nodules on the roots of nonleguminous plants (e.g., Alnus)
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physiological pH
At ________, the ammonia is protonated to form NH4 + (ammonium) ion.
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Essential elements
________ can also be grouped into four broad categories on the basis of their diverse functions.
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Micronutrients
________ or trace elements are needed in very small amounts (less than 10 mmole Kg- 1 of dry matter)
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nodule
The ________ contains all the necessary biochemical components, such as the enzyme nitrogenase and leghaemoglobin.
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Ammonia
________ is first oxidised to nitrite by the bacteria Nitrosomonas and /or Nitrococcus.
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greatest amount
This is the essential nutrient element required by plants in the ________.
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nitrate reductase
It is a component of several enzymes, including nitrogenase and ________ both of which participate in nitrogen metabolism.
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Nitrate
________ present in the soil is also reduced to nitrogen by the process of denitrification.
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Macronutrients
________ are generally present in plant tissues in large amounts (in excess of 10 mmole Kg- 1 of dry matter)
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Transamination
________: It involves the transfer of amino group from one amino acid to the keto group of a keto acid.
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Denitrification
________ is carried by bacteria Pseudomonas and Thiobacillus.
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Fe2+
It is reversibly oxidized from ________ to Fe3+ during electron transfer.
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respiration
It activates the enzymes of ________, and photosynthesis and is involved in the synthesis of DNA and RNA.
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catalase enzyme
It activates the ________ and is essential for the formation of chlorophyll.
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enzyme nitrogenase
The ________ is a Mo- Fe protein and catalyses the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia, the first stable product of nitrogen fixation.
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amino acids
Since amides contain more nitrogen than the ________, they are transported to other parts of the plant via xylem vessels.
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deficiency symptoms
For elements that are actively mobilized within the plants and exported to young developing tissues, the ________ tend to appear first in the older tissues.
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infection thread
A(n) ________ is produced carrying the bacteria into the cortex of the root, where they initiate the nodule formation in the cortex of the root.
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water splitting reaction
It is essential for the ________ in photosynthesis, a reaction that leads to oxygen evolution.
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Mineral salts
________ are translocated through xylem along with the ascending stream of water, which is pulled up through the plant by transpirational pull.
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cell division
During ________, it is used in the synthesis of the cell walls, particularly as calcium pectate in the middle lamella.
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Toxicity levels
________ for any element also vary for different plants.
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overall metabolism of plants
It is essential for the ________.
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mineral ion concentration
Any ________ in tissues that reduces the dry weight of tissues by about 10 percent is considered toxic.
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Calcium
________ is required by meristematic and differentiating tissues.
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Sulfur is present in two amino acids
cysteine and methionine and is the main constituent of several coenzymes, vitamins (thiamine, biotin, Coenzyme A), and ferredoxin
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It is absorbed in the form of chloride anion (Cl
)
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In the first phase, an initial rapid uptake of ions into the ‘free space or ‘outer space of cells
the apoplast, is passive
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In the second phase of uptake, the ions are taken in slowly into the ‘inner space
the symplast of the cells
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Such microbes are called N2
fixers
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Reductive amination
In these processes, ammonia reacts with α-ketoglutaric acid and forms glutamic acid
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Transamination
It involves the transfer of amino group from one amino acid to the keto group of a keto acid
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The hydroxyl part of the acid is replaced by another NH2
Studied by 5 people
