Meiosis and mitosis

Mitosis PMAT

• P: Chromosomes condense

• M: Single-file line

• A: Sister chromatids split

• T: Two identical diploid cells

Meiosis I (PMAT I)

• P1: Homologs pair + crossing over

• M1: Pairs line up

• A1: Pairs split

• T1: 2 haploid cells

Meiosis II (PMAT II)

• P2: Spindle forms

• M2: Single-file

• A2: Chromatids split

• T2: 4 haploid gametes

Cellular respiration

Glycolysis (In Cytoplasm)

• Glucose → 2 pyruvate

• Makes 2 ATP

• Makes 2 NADH

• No oxygen needed (anaerobic)

Pyruvate Oxidation (Into Mitochondria)

Pyruvate Oxidation (Into Mitochondria

• Pyruvate → Acetyl-CoA

• Releases CO₂

• Makes NADH

Krebs Cycle / Citric Acid Cycle (Mitochondrial Matrix)

• 2 ATP

• 6 NADH

• 2 FADH₂

• Releases CO₂

Electron Transport Chain (Inner Mitochondrial Membrane)

Electron Transport Chain (Inner Mitochondrial Membrane)

• Uses NADH & FADH₂

• H⁺ gradient drives ATP synthase

• Makes ~28–32 ATP

• Oxygen = final electron acceptor → forms H₂O

TOTAL ATP

About 32–36 ATP per glucose

Glycolysis

Break glucose, makes 2 ATP, cytoplasm.

Krebs Cycle

Breaks down Acetyl-CoA, makes NADH/FADH₂, CO₂ released.

ETC

Uses NADH/FADH₂ to make a lot of ATP; oxygen needed.