lifespan development ch1-4 study guide

Lifespan development

Scientific study of development through life

Normative

Predictable life changes during development

Ex: driving, marriage, school

Non normative

Unpredictable life changes

Ex: natural disasters, car accident

Theory

Any perspective explaining why people act the way they do: allows for prediction of behavior and how to intervene to improve behavior

Operant conditioning

Law of learning that determines voluntary response

Reinforcement

Behavioral term for reward

Cognitive behaviorism/ social learning theory

Theory that people learn by watching others(modeling), and thoughts about reinforcers determine behavior

Self efficacy

Internal belief in our competence (ability to be successful in a task)

correlational study

Relating two or more variables in Naturally occurring relationships (ex) increased murders linked to increased ice cream sales

Experiment

Isolates a variable and is the only research strategy that can prove cause and effect

Cross sectional study

Tests different age groups at the same time

Longitudinal study

Testing an age group repeatedly over many years

Contextual influences

Extranet factors that shape an individuals behavior, decisions and performance throughout life

Cohort

Birth group (ex) Gen Z/ baby boomer

Culture

Customs laws and morals

Ethnicity

Common decent (German, American)

Ovulation

Usually day 14 of cycle (union of sperm and egg) ovum is expelled from ovary

Menus

Day 1-7 shedding of uterine lining

Follicular

Uterine lining thickens days 1-13

Luteal

Day 15-28 progesterone increases

Important pre conception and during first 4 weeks for neural tube development (what forms brain and spinal cord)

Folic acid

Infertility

Inability to conceive after a year of trying

Varicocele male

Pcos female

Unexplained infertility

No identifiable cause ~15% of couples

Address fertility

Fertility drugs

Ovulation inducing

Insemination

IVF

Testosterone replacement therapy

Cannot treat infertility

Cephalocaudal

Top to bottom or head to tail (big head the arms and legs sprout

Proximodiastal

Cylindrical shape the Arms and legs grow out then toes and fingers (from inner most to outer most order of formation)

Mass to specific

Head the eyes then ears; legs before toes and feet (large simple structures made before small intricate detailed parts)

Teratogens

Outside threat: Substance that crosses the placenta to harm fetus

Most dangerous in embryonic and fetal stage

Doesn’t typically impact germinal stage

Ex rays, 102 temp infections like strep, diabetes, FAS Zika and rubella syndrome

Teratogens

first trimester

Weeks 1-13 hormones change increase in progesterone (makes you sick)

Second trimester

(14-27) wks baby bump, feeling fetal movement, baby shower

Third trimester

Weeks 28-40 Braxton hicks, back aches insomnia heart burn

Embryonic stage

3-8 weeks cell diferentiation (organs form)

Circulatory and nervous system develope

Germinal stage

(0-2 wks) zygote to blastocyst follic acid is essential to neural tube (what forms brain and spinal cord)

Fetal stage

9wks- birth

Finishing touches activated senses

Congenital

Present at birth

Chromosomal abnormalities

Missing or extra chromosomes typically end in miscarriages

Ex) Down syndrome (cell division error extra chromosome)

Cannot be tested can be screened in fetus

Single gene genetic disorders

Passed by a single dominant or recessive gene or sex linked

Recessive genetic disorder

Requires inheriting two copies of abnormal gene

Cystic fibrosis

Sickle cell

Tay sachs

25% chance

Dominant genetic disorder

Huntington

Marian

Achodroplasia

50/50 chance

Sex linked gentic disorder

Hemophilia

Duchenne

Red green color blindness

Colic

Frantic continual crying during first 3 months cause by immature nervous system

3hrs

3days

3weeks

PURPLE

Normal from 2wks to 3-5 months

Peak cry, unexpected, resists soothing, pain like face, long lasting, evening

Neural pruning

Begins around 1yr is the cortical region killing/ losing neurons that are unused

Moro reflex

Fanning out and curling in ( reflex for falling)

Palmer/darwinian

Grasping/ holding things pressed into palm

Tonic neck

Extending arm and leg face side bedding other arm and leg while baby is on its back

Babkin

Mouth opens when pressure is applied to both palms

Babinski

Toes fan out when stroking heel to toe

Rooting

Turning head towards facial touch

Sucking

Contracting lip and cheek (when something is in roof of mouth)

Breast milk is better

Antibodies, easier to digest, cheaper

Apgar scale

Tests heart rate muscle tone reputation reflex response and color of newborn on a scale of 1-2 at 1 minute and 5 minutes after birth (over 7 is good)

newborn sleep

Main newborn state

18hrs a day

~must wake at night every 3-4 hours

Only have rem sleep

Crying

newborn state: communication

Newborn eating

Rooting and sucking, baby starts putting things into mouth,

Solids introduce at 6-9 months

Feedings decrease with age

Hearing

In utero (high pitch) 1wk old maternal recognition

Smelling

Breast milk and amniotic fluid

Taste

Prefer sweet

Give veggies before fruit

Sight

Least imitated developed sense because it’s dark in womb

Age 1 adult like sight

Depth perception behind at 8months when we crawl

Social cognition

Skills related to understanding feelings and negotiating interpersonal interactions

8months can recognize good intention

Language development

Cooing, Babbling, holophrase(first word), telegraphic speech (combining of words to shorten sentence ex me juice) better to learn speech from a humane than a screen

Habituation

Natural loss of interest in a new object after some time

Dishabituation

Undoing habituation

Car seats for long periods, co sleeping, pillows blankets, laying on tummy,

Risks of Sid’s

Private speech

Internal self guiding/ directing talk

Private speech

Internal self guiding/ directing talk

Means end behavior

Performing action with a goal in mind

Object permanence

Something exist even if it’s not visible

Memory for babies

As young as 9months

Forming categories

7-9 months

Understanding numbers

5 months

Attachment

Powerful bond of love between caregiver and child (or any two people)

Preattachment

First stage of attachment (0-3 mon.) unattached social smile develops at 2 months

Attachment making

Second stage of attachment (4-7 mon.) small preference towards caregiver

Clear cut/ focused attachment

3rd stage of attachment(7mon.-3yrs)

Missing caregiver

Zone of optimum comfort ~200ft

Social referencing to guide behavior

Working model of attachment

Final state of attachment (3+ yrs) mental representation of a caregiver that enables children to be physically apart from caregiver

Temperament

Characteristic, inborn behavioral styles of approaching the world that affects caregiving and infant attachment

Easy

Slow to warm up

And difficult

Goodness of fit

Ideal parenting strategy that involves arranging children’s environments to suit their temperaments

Infant directed speech

Simplified, exaggerated, high pitched tones adults use to speak to infants that function to help teach language

Ex) cocomelon or miss emily