respiratory, digestive, and urinary lab

function of respiratory system

supplies the body with oxygen and removes the CO2

4 processes of respiration

* pulmonary ventilation
* external respiration
* transport of respiratory gases
* internal respiration

external respiration

occurs at systemic capillaries where oxygen moves from the lungs into the blood and carbon dioxide exits the blood into the alveolar space

transport of respiratory gases

cardiovascular system uses blood to transport respiratory gases between lungs and body tissues

internal respiration

occurs at systemic capillaries where carbon dioxide enters the blood for removal and oxygen leaves blood to enter body tissues

upper respiratory system

* nose
* pharynx
* larynx

lower respiratory system

* trachea
* bronchi
* bronchioles
* alveolar ducts
* alveolar sacs
* alveoli

trace the flow of air into the lungs

nasal passages → pharynx → larynx → trachea → bronchi → bronchioles → alveolar ducts → alveolar sacs → alveoli

trace the flow of air out of the lungs

alveoli →alveolar sacs → alveolar ducts → bronchioles → bronchi → trachea → larynx → pharynx → nasal passages

pleura

double layered serous membrane sac surrounds the lung

pleural sac

* outer parietal layer
* inner visceral layer
* produce serous fluid within the pleural cavity to reduce friction during pulmonary ventilation

diaphragm

* muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity
* prime mover of inspiration

alveoli

sites of gas exchange

respiratory zone structures

* structures that have a role in gas exchange
* bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli

conducting zone structures

* aka anatomical dead space
* include all other respiratory passages that do not involve gas exchange
* nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchi

right bronchi

more likely to be obstructed

function of digestive system

* produce foodstuff, extract nutrients, and eliminate waste
* ingestion
* mastication
* propulsion
* mixing
* secretion
* digestion
* absorption
* elimination

ingestion

* solid/liquid food enter stomach

mastication

* mechanical breakdown of food with teeth
* increases the surface area of food particles to enhance chemical breakdown

propulsion

* movement of food from one end of the digestive tract to the other
* includes deglutition=swallowing
* includes peristalsis

mixing

* contractions to mix food with secretions
* peristalsis

secretions

* protect (mucus)
* liquefy (water)
* digest (enzymes)

digestion

* breakdown of large organic molecules chemically and mechanically into usable material
* in small intestine

absorption

* moves molecules out of digestive tract and into circulation or lymphatic system
* in small intestine

elimination

process of removing waste products of digestion from the body

parts of the gastrointestinal tract/alimentary canal

* mouth
* esophagus
* stomach
* small and large intestines

large intestine function

absorbs water and consolidates fecal matter

trace the movement of food through the digestive system and describe the changes that occur as food is digested and the nutrients absorbed

mouth → pharynx →esophagus → gastroesophageal sphincter→ stomach→ pyloric sphincter→ duodenum → jejunum→ ileum→ ascending colon → transverse colon → descending colon →rectum

function of urinary system

* remove nitrogenous waste through kidneys (homestatic organ)
* also important in fluid and electrolyte balance

trace filtrate through the nephron and urine through the urinary system

afferent arteriole → renal corpuscle→ proximal convoluted tubule → loop of henle → distal convoluted tubule →collecting duct→ papillary duct

accessory digestive organs

* salivary glands
* parotid glands
* submandibular glands
* sublingual glands
* gallbladder
* liver
* pancreas

parotid glands

secrete serous

submandibular and sublingual glands

secrete mucin and serous

nephron

function unit of kidney

glomerulus

* knot of capillaries that is surrounded by the bowman’s capsule
* blood is filtered (small solutes and water)
* site of filtrate formation

proxmal convoluted tubule

where water and glucose is reabsorbed

where does the collecting ducts lead to

down to pyramid

two types of nephrons

* cortical (most common)
* juxtamedullary