mus 203 exam 3

Philosophical Ideals

commercial vs idealistic, popular is commercial and not art, they want it to be art,

Traditional and Indigenous Sources

americana composers, use of folk sounds in music

Experimentation and Innovation

result of avant garde

Pastiche

humor

Dissonance

strength

Charles Ives

rhythmic freedoms, used certain tensions in songs as strengths, musician and businessman, instantly recognizable, indigenous music

Henry Cowell

World music, Extended instrumental techniques, New Music Quarterly, BANSHEE

New Music Quarterly

journal that cowell produced, supported by ives

Lou Harrison

influenced by asian music, pacific rim composer, western instruments, disciple of ives, edited many of his scores, pullitzer prize

Nadia Boulanger

well known teacher in paris that copland studied with

Aaron Copland

studied with boulanger, inspired by jazz, folk, and western, melody and constant sounds, career came out of the depression

Roy Harris

Symphony #3

Elliot Carter

metric modulation

George Gershwin

Crossed the popular / classical music divide, Rhapsody in Blue

Modernity

disconvergence of different styles of sounds, never heard before, new technologies, electronics, can noise be sound?

National Endowment for the Arts (NEA)

official gov't institution founded in 1965, support artistic creation → composer is now a specialist, he is not bound by audiences and is shaped by a creative process

Maximum Rational Control

composer is not only the creative mind, but the person who controls every single aspect of it

Serialism

tonal system: every note in a song is in relation to the tonicNew way of organizing pitch (in a series) - pitch remains solid, but other things are altered

Minimum Rational Control

improvisation, indeterminancy

Improvisation

composer is passing on control to the performer

Indeterminancy

music events are determined by chance operations

Edgar Varese

Interested in composing music spacially.Not to think of music in terms of melody, but in terms of energy (sound masses).When the energy collides, it produces an effect.Idea of timbre.
Music in 4 dimensions.
Pioneer of electronic tape music

Poeme Electronique

1958, the sounds were created from scratch, no one had been able to do something like that at the time, premiered at World Exhibition in brussels, synchronized music and lights, 425 speakers throughout the room with lights

Milton Babbitt

Composer akin to scientific researcher - approach that music was scientific, music was akin to abstract mathematics, a science that not everyone is bound to understand, some music can be so abstract that the average listener might not understand

Electronic Music

No notation neededComposer works directly with soundComposer has absolute control over the composition

Phonemena

\-TWO VERSIONS\-Voice and piano (1969-70) - an example to serialism in music, everything has been specifically notated for the performers\-Voice and electronic tape (1974) - the electronic takes care of some notation

John Cage

Most likely composer to be found in a philosophy or religious classInfluenced by serialismWrote extensively - role of music and the purpose of musicEverything we do is musicAny musical performance is affected by the environment

4'33'' (Four minutes and 33 seconds)

absolutely do nothing for that timeListen to the sounds that we overtly block when we listen to music

Prepared Piano

added pieces of wood, nuts, and bolts inside the strings in a predetermined fashion

Harry Partch

"An American Original," Invented his own musical system → break the 12-equal-part octave into 43 equal parts, but there are no instruments to play that

Microtonality

when you break the octave into several smaller intervals

Partch's instruments

The Boo, Marimba Eroica, Cloud Chamber Bowls, Gourd Tree Gongs, etc.

Minimalism

Basics, simplicityAn antidote to modernism

Tonality, Regular Rhythm, and Repetition

Minimalism reintroduced...

Terry Riley

Minimalist Composer 1

Philip Glass

Minimalist Composer 2

Steve Reich

Minimalist Composer 3

Music for 18 Musicians

Steve Reich, we enjoy the things we understand better → we can anticipate it

Precursors

Opera, operetta, minstrelsy

Jenny Lind

known as the "Swedish Nightingale". famous for her roles in opera and a concert artist

Musical Comedy

Earliest form of musical theater; contemporary setting; comedic A type of musical characterized by a lighthearted, fast-moving comic story, whose dialogue is interspersed with popular music; light subject matter, comedic leads, star driven; Presentational, Contemporary setting

George M. Cohan

An American songwriter and entertainer of the early twentieth century, known for such rousing songs as "Over There," "Yankee Doodle Dandy," and "You're a Grand Old Flag."

Musical Play

Representational, Exotic settings, serious; subject matter, romantic leads, book driven

Jerome Kern

Showboat; , American composer of musical theatre, brought popular music to musicals

Rogers and Hammerstein

songwriting duo that created the music for South Pacific, The Sound of Music, Oklahoma!, The King and I, and Carousel; earned 34 Tony Awards 15, Academy Awards, 2 Grammys, and the Pulitzer Prize

West Side Story

Bernstein and Sondheim The American Musical (Golden Age of Musicals)

Concept Musical

musical show presenting ideas subject to the audience's interpretation and leaving situations unresolved; Varied setting, varied subject matter; Idea over plot, ensemble cast, director driven

Stephen Sondheim/Hal Prince

developed the idea of a concept musical;Company

Mega Musical

Successful up until the 1950's. "The Sound of Music" is the most successful example. After this though, they weren't making their budget back because of how gigantic their budgets were. This led to New Hollywood with lower budgets; Exotic setting, varied subject matter, spectacle; romantic leads, design driven

Andrew Lloyd Weber: Cats

Idea of the mega musical; Cats sis one of them; One of the most popular musical producers in the past

WWII marks the end of the colonial era; the baby boom teens have an income to buy records (forms a rebellion against suburbia); television draws people back into the home (going out less for entertainment); the 45 rpm single is easier to ship and sell; juke box become popular; top 40 radio becomes popular

Social Changes after WWII

Independent radio stations that spoke like their fans (jive talk); black and white kids listened

R&B radio

Alan Freed

creator of the "Rock and Roll Party" radio

Chess Records

Leonard Chess; recording primarily blues

Sun Records

Sam Phillips; Rockabilly

Rockabilly

marriage of R&B and country primarily located in the south

Chuck Berry

signed by Chess; wrote about teen values; didn't fit into the stereotypical idea of a black singer (drew on R&B and country)

Elvis Presley

Came into the studio wanted to record a song for his mom and it ended being a huge hit

Col. Tom Parker

Elvis's manager; signed him to RCA records; molded his image and breaks him into Hollywood films

Causes the decline of Tin Pan Alley; ASCAP attempts to ban music because of sexual content; government investigations of payola

Industry backlash

Little Richard

sang Tutti Frutti; was covered by Pat Boone

Pat Boone

white cover for Little Richard

Paul McCartney, John Lennon, George Harrison, Ringo Starr

The Beatles

George Martin

producer of The Beatles

Brian Epstein

manager of The Beatles; really shaped their image

A Hard Days Night

a film that depicts a fictional day in the life of the Beatles (manual of how to be a rock band)

Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band

The Beatles' concept album; revolutionized rock (use of early synthesizers)

Psychedelic rock & blues

AKA Acid Rock; first alternative rock scene; originates in San Francisco

Janis Joplin

white blues singer; "Ball and Chain"

Jimi Hendrix

use of the amp without any effects pedals; defies racial stereotypes (black rocker with a mostly white fan base); "Hey Joe"

New Orleans

used to be the most cosmopolitan city in the world; melting pot city because it's a port city; very stratified culture structure

Creole

whites in New Orleans

Creoles of color

people of mixed race background (interracial marriages are common)

"One drop" rule

one drop of black ancestry means that you are black

Instruments (piano, sax, trumpet, clarinet, trombone, bass, violin, guitar), harmony, extended musical forms, composition and notation

European contributions to jazz

Expressive qualities (especially in the voice), cyclic forms (blues and oral culture), improvisation and call-and-response, polyrhythm and syncopation

African contributions to jazz

New Orleans & Chicago

centers of jazz

Collective improvisation

the idea that everybody is ragging their parts and improvising within a particular role

Plays the main melody

Role of the trumpet in jazz

Circles around the melody

Role of the clarinet in jazz

Comments on the melody from a lower perspective

Role of the trombone in jazz

Keeps the beat

Role of the banjo in jazz

Plays the bass lines

Role of the bass/tuba in jazz

Play a marching beat

Role of the drums in jazz

Buddy Bolden

thought of as the first great jazz soloist; established what is now the modern jazz ensemble

King Oliver

Creole Jazz band; one of the best dance bands in Chicago; trumpet player; known for his big sound and his flexible use of mutes

Great Migration

the style of jazz starts moving north; blacks move to the north looking for jobs and opportunities; not going to escape racism but there is a lot more freedom

Louis Armstrong

popularized scat singing; influential Hot 5 and Hot 7 recordings; Jazz ambassador to the world; had an extended range on the trumpet; double-time; made jazz a soloist art

Scat singing

vocalization using the voice as an instrument

Billie Holiday

discovered by John Hammond; had a small vocal range but had this feeling/great ability to create music

Ella Fitzgerald

had a huge vocal range and perfect pitch; great scat singer and improviser

Big bands

swing band; the pop music of the 1930's and 40's; "Four on the floor" rhythm

"Four on the floor"

a lighter rhythm from the walking beat and they symbols that are used to keep a beat

Duke Ellington

valued individual sound over section blend; part of the Harlem renaissance; Cotton Club

Cotton Club

a club in Harlem owned by gangsters; Duke Ellington

"Jungle" sound

sounded exotic because he used all these sounds that other composers tended to stay away from

the banjo is replaced by a guitar; tuba disappears; brass and woodwinds are often used in contrast with each other

Approach to ensemble sound

Mexican history
(53 million latinos in US, 65% mexican)

\-precolumbian mexico --sophisticated cities, social organizations -1519 --spanish conquistadors arrive: catholics - slaves - est. 'new spain' (mexico)\-1824 --mexican ind. from spain - 1st vice royalty ruled by emperor \-1910-1924 mexican revolution --emperor est. democracy

Mestizo Culture

\-mix of euro & indigenous populations\-mainly latin america\-dominant culture in mexico

Mexican son

\-means SOUND \-combo of euro, indigenous, and african\*panish influence* anish influence* nish influence* ish influence* sh influence* h influence* influence* influence* nfluence* fluence* luence* uence* ence* nce* ce* e* * \*\-instruments: GUITAR AND VIOLIN\-harmony