Unit 5 DBQ Review Quizlet (Mcgregor)

Manifest Destiny

Belief that the US was destined to extend its boundaries west to the Pacific Ocean, named by John O'Sullivan (American journalist)

reasons for expansion

- Manifest Destiny

- economic opportunities

- population growth

- nationalism

- tech improvements (railroads, canals, etc)

Black Hawk War (1832)

Chief Black Hawk of the Sauk leads rebellion against US -> Illinois militia killed many -> tribes forced to move west

Indian Appropriations Act (1851)

authorized establishment of reservations, restricted Native movement

Treaty of Fort Laramie (1851)

Federal gov promised to prevent settlers from taking American Indian land in the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains, Native Americans agreed to allow settlers to move through their lands to the farming areas

*US repeatedly violated this treaty

reasons why Mexicans invited US settlers to Texas

- to prevent border violations and horse thieves from the US

- to protect territory from Native American attacks

Offered to US settlers in Texas

large land grants to US agents who then sold the land to settlers -> in return settlers had to obey Mexican law + become Roman Catholic

Stephan Austin

led first group of American settlers to Texas, became prominent figure in Texas politics

tensions between Mexicans and US settlers

- cultural differences (settlers spoke English, were Protestant)

- settlers brought slaves (Mexico abolished slavery 1829, insisted settlers free their slaves)

Texas Revolution (1835-1836)

Stephan Austin traveled to Mexico city to ask for greater self governing in Texas, Mexican President De Santa Anna viewed as rebellious -> put Austin in jail, Texans eventually defeated Mexico + their independence was recognized

Republic of Texas (1836)

Sam Houston president, requested that US annex -> President MVB refused bc of slave/free state issues

Annexation of Texas (1845)

became 28th state (slave state) under pro war and pro expansion President James K. Polk

Mexican American War (1845-1846)

dispute abt where the US-Mexican border actually was -> Polk sent troops across to provoke war

Wilmot Proviso (1846)

David Wilmot made plan for there not to be slavery in newly acquired territory of Mexican American War -> didn't pass but set precedent for COMPROMISE concerning slavery

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)

Mexico recognized Rio River as border, gave US California & New Mexico for $15 mil (US territory increased by 1/3)

Gadsden Purchase (1853)

President Franklin Pierce bought tiny piece of land in NM & AZ to build railroad

The Gold Rush (1849)

Discovery of gold in CA caused massives amount of emigration to CA

Compromise of 1850

Henry Clay proposed:

- CA admitted as free state

- pop sov in other parts of Mexican Cession

- End the slave trade in DC

- New Fugitive Slave Law

Fugitive Slave Law

Slaves who had escaped could be kidnapped + brought back into slavery, what made S agree to Compromise of 1850

Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852)

book by Harriet Beecher Stowe portraying evils of slavery -> convinced many that slavery needed to be abolished immediately

Popular Sovereignty

When the residents vote to decide on an issue

Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)

by Senator Stephan Douglas, split Kansas + Nebraska into two, have popular sovereignty decide slavery, repealed Missouri Compromise (1820) bc both states above the 36,30 line

Know-Nothing Party

Nativist political party, aka American party, emerged in response to an influx of immigrants + Irish Catholics

Free Soil Party (1848)

Opposed the extension of slavery into the territories

Republican Party (1854)

wanted to keep slavery out of territories, opposed Kansas-Nebraska Act, made up of antislavery Whigs + N Democrats + Free-Soilers

Bleeding Kansas

thousands of settlers rush to Kansas (most free-soilers), proslavery wins election bc of illegal voters from Missouri -> both sides turned violent

John Brown

key figure in Bleeding Kansas, abolitionist (believed God called him to end slavery), responsible for Pottawatomie Massacre

Pottawatomie Massacre (1856)

John Brown + his followers killed 5 proslavery men -> started 4 month massacre in Kansas where 200 people were killed ("Bleeding Kansas")

Sumner-Brooks Affair/Incident (1856)

Preston Brooks (proslavery) beat Charles Sumner (anti-slavery) w a cane in Congress -> increased tensions between N + S

Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857)

Dred Scott sued bc had fled to a free state -> made him free?

SCOTUS ruled:

- African Americans were not citizens (Scott could not sue)

- Congress can't take away slavery (personal property) nor prohibit its expansion

- Missouri Comp was uncostitutional

**MAJOR CAUSE OF SECTIONAL TENSION

Lincoln Douglas Debates (1858)

Seven debates across Illinois on the issue of slavery in the territories

Harper's Ferry (1859)

John Brown led men to take federal arsenal -> start a slave revolt by distributing weapons. Failed bc captured and hung

**WIDENED RIFT BETWEEN N + S

Election of 1860

Rep Abraham Lincoln (Maintain Union, protective tariffs for Northern industrialists, free homesteads for Western farmers) won -> South decided to secede bc interests not represented

Southern Secession (1860-1861)

SC secede first after Lincoln's election, rest of the S states seceded -> created Confederate States of America (1861) w Jefferson Davis as President

**only 8 slave states (border states) remained in Union

Fort Sumter (1861)

Federal fort in the harbor of Charleston, Lincoln sent supplies -> Confederates attacked fort -> start of the Civil War

Union plan to win the Civil War

- blockade S ports

- take the Mississippi River (to split Confederacy in 2)

- capture the Confederate capital (Richmond, VA)

Confederate strategy

- defend itself

- attack or invade the N if opportunity arises

Emancipation benefits (for the N)

- end slave labor that is the backbone of the Confederacy

- discourage GB from supporting the Confederacy

Emancipation Proclamation (1863)

After battle of Antietam, freed slaves in territories of rebellion (only Confederacy not border states), didn't do much bc Union had no power in Confederacy ***made war about slavery

Copperheads

N Democrats who wanted peace with the South

Habeas Corpus

court order requiring officials to bring jailed person before judge to find out if being held legally

**Lincoln suspended during the CW

NYC Draft Riots (1863)

wealthy could pay for replacements, mad poor laborers feared their jobs taken by freed AA -> riots in NYC -> ~100 ppl killed

Gettysburg (1863)

Union victory, major turning point, basically confirmed Union victory

**Lincoln gave Gettysburg address after

total war

War involving attacks against civilian lives + property

Sherman's March (1864)

William Tecumseh Sherman, march from Atlanta to Savannah, destroyed farms + houses (anything that was a S advantage)

Appomattox (1865)

Robert E. Lee surrendered -> ended war at Appomattox Court House in VA

CW economic impact on N

- grew rich selling war supplies

- $ to invest in new business

- industry + agriculture expanded

CW economic impact on S

- ended slavery

- wreaked most industry

- killed livestock, destroyed railroads + farm machinery

Lincoln's Assassination (1865)

Shot by John Wilkes Booth, Andrew Johnson became president

13th Amendment (1865)

Passed after Lincoln's assassination, abolished slavery

Reconstruction (1865-1877)

period of rebuilding after the CW, Confederate states brought back into the Union

Lincoln's 10% Plan

- Pardon Confederates who would take oath of allegiance

- After 10% of voters swear allegiance, could form new state gov and re-enter Union

Johnson's Reconstruction Plan

White supremacist, a lot more sympathetic to the S -> Confeds can't hold office or vote unless they are pardoned by the Pres -> Johnson pardoned Confederate officials almost immediately

Freedman's Bureau (1865)

Early welfare agency, provided food, shelter, medical care, education for newly freed slaves

***Johnson vetoed Freedman's Bureau Act but still passed

Black Codes

Laws passed in the South after CW restricting African Americans' lives

Civil Rights Act of 1866

Passed in response to Black Codes -> gave full citizenship to AAs + forbade states from passing laws that discriminated against blacks

***Johnson vetoed but was still passed

Reconstruction Act of 1867

Divided former Confederate states into 5 military districts headed by a Union general, ensured AA men could vote, states had to ratify 14th Amendment to be readmitted

**Johnson vetoed but overrode by Congress -> began to look for ways to impeach

Tenue of Office Act (1867)

President could not remove cabinet members without the approval of the Senate

Johnson's Impeachment (1868)

Johnson fired Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton without Senate approval -> violated Tenure of Office Act -> impeached (but wasn't removed from office bc one vote short)

14th Amendment (1868)

Birthright citizenship regardless of race, required states to ensure legal protection of all races

15th Amendment (1870)

States cannot deny any person the right to vote because of race, passed by Republicans to secure AAs vote

Carpetbaggers

Northerners who moved south after the war

Scalawags

White Southerners who joined the Republican Party

Republican Govs in the S (after CW)

Successes - Universal male suffrage, women's property rights, debt relief, internal improvements

Failures- Corruption, seen as wasteful + expensive

sharecropping vs tenant farming

Sharecropping:

farming other's land in exchange for farm supplies and a share of the crop

Tenant Farming:

farming the land of another by paying rent with cash or with a portion of the produce

***both kept freed slaves in cycle of poverty

40 Acres and a Mule

1865, General Sherman promised freed slaves who followed his army 40 acres and the use of army mules

***efforts failed bc too complicated

Panic of 1873

series of financial failures that triggered a five-year depression in the US

Klu Klux Klan

Secret organization that used terrorist tactics in an attempt to restore white supremacy in the South

Enforcement Acts (1870 + 1871)

Provided for federal supervision of elections in the S, gave president power to use federal troops where the KKK was active

***not well enforced

Ulysses S. Grant as President

Appointed friends and acquaintances to gov positions, corruption

Election of 1876

Rep Rutherford B Hayes vs Dem Samuel Tilden -> election sent to HoR -> Compromise of 1877

Compromise of 1877

Hayes became president, would remove federal troops from S + allow a S transcontinental railroad

***ended Reconstruction

Redemption/Redeemers

What white Southern Democrats called their return to power in the 1870s