Civil Rights Movement

Plessy vs Ferguson

“separate but equal”

segregation remained legal until Brown vs. Board of Education

civil rights

political and social freedom and equality

segregation/Jim Crow

1: separation of races/ethnicities by law or voluntarily

2: a time in US History between 1896 and the 1950s/70s

de jure segregation

separation of races/ethnicities by law

examples of de jure segregation

hospitals, schools, restaurants, sports, public transportation, etc.

de facto segregation

separation of races/ethnicities by voluntary means

examples of de facto segregation

neighborhoods, workplaces, homes

Emmett Till

boy who was murdered and brutalized by two white men over “flirting with a white cashier;” case encouraged many african-americans to take a stand for their own rights

Brown v. Board

Brown/families win

“inherently unequal”

Education is desegrgated federally

Thurgood Marshall

Brown’s NAACP attorny against the Board of Education

Later became the first African-American supreme court justice

desegregation/integration

tho process of segregation laws being repealed and different races entering formerly all-white areas

Why did it take so long to achieve desegregation?

Every single state law under every single topic had to be broken, challenged, and overturned; slow bur until Civil rights Act

Dixiecrat

A democratic party member who did not support Truman’s desegregation of the military

Executive Order 9981

Order passed by Truman that desegregated the US military after WWII

Arguments for BROWN

1: segregated facilities/schools were unequal by default

2: african-american kids felt ignored since white people created segregation laws

3: african-american students lost the opportunity to learn and teach their white peers when segregated

Arguments for BOARD

1: 14th amendment talked about life/liberty/property; did not apply to education

2: schools could be separate if equal — districts had been working on providing more equal resources

3: education is not a federal issue — states should decide

Eisenhower

Sent in federal troops to protect the Little Rock Nine from violent protestors

Appointed 2 Civil Rights SC justices

Past Civil Rights Act of 1957

Kennedy

Sent helicopters to rescue Freedom Riders from Anniston, Alabama incident

Sent troops to protect James Meredith during Ole Miss integration

Drafted legislation for the Civil Rights Act of 1964

Johnson

Passed Civil Rights Act of 1964 and 1968

Also passed Voting Rights Act of 1965

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Act passed by Lyndon B Johnson

“Prohibited discrimination of any kind on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin”

24th Amendment

Amendment that did away with the poll tax to vote

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Act that outlawed literacy tests to vote

Elections were federally supervised

Results of the CRM

Federal laws and court cases helped desegregate various areas

Televised Direct Action tactics had success in achieving equality

Many things desegregated — military, housing, restaurants, parks, schools, bathrooms, marriages, public transport, businesses, etc.

Influenced other minorities (ex: Cajun, Native American, Latinx) to celebrate their heritage