Neuroanatomy Lecture 3: Cerebral Cortex and Ventricles

What is the cerebrum made up of?

Cerebral cortex, white matter and deep cerebral structures

What layer of the cerebrum is the cerebral cortex?

Outer gray layer

What is the difference between the gray matter and the white matter?

Gray matter contains cell bodies of neurons while white matter consists of myelinated axons

What is the folded groove area of the cerebral cortex?

Sulcus

What are the raised areas of the cerebral cortex?

Gyrus

Why do we have gyri and sulci?

increase cortical area of = increased # of neurons, more function

What are the major sulci of the brain?

central sulcus

parieto-occipital sulcus

lateral sulcus

Longitudinal fissure

What structure separates the left and right side of the brain?

Longitudinal fissure

What sulcus separates the temporal lobe from the rest of the brain?

Lateral sulcus (Sylvian fissure)

What sulcus separates the frontal and parietal lobes?

central sulcus (Rolando sulcus)

What sulcus separates the parietal and occipital lobes?

parieto-occipital sulcus

What are the main features seem from the lateral view of the frontal lobe?

Frontal pole

Precentral gyrus

Precentral sulcus

Superior frontal sulcus

Inferior frontal sulcus

Superior frontal gyrus

Middle frontal gyrus

Inferior frontal gyrus

What are the three parts of the inferior frontal gyrus?

orbital

triangular

opercular

What features of the frontal lobe can you see from the medial view but not the lateral view?

Anterior paracentral lobule

Orbital gyrus

Gyrus rectus

Olfactory sulcus (and bulb)

What is the inside part of the Precentral gyrus that can be seen from the medial view?

Anterior paracentral lobule

What structure is located medial to the olfactory sulcus?

Gyrus rectus

What are the functional areas of the frontal lobe?

Primary motor cortex (M1)

Supplementary area (SMA)

Premotor cortex (PMC)

Broca's area

Prefrontal Cortex

Where is the primary motor cortex located?

precentral gyrus of frontal lobe

What is the function of the primary motor cortex?

Controls motor function

What is the motor homunculus?

the body map on the motor cortex with larger areas for head and upper extremity control

What two areas make up the secondary motor area?

Supplementary area

Premotor cortex

What are the secondary motor areas responsible for?

Motor planning

What does the Broca's area control?

Language motor output (speaking)

Where are most people's Broca's area located?

Left hemisphere

Where is the Broca's area located?

Around the inferior frontal gyrus, primarily the triangular and opercular part

What is the function of the prefrontal cortex?

executive function as

What is the prefrontal correct divided into?

Lateral part

Medial part

Orbitofrontal cortex

What is the lateral part of the prefrontal cortex divided into?

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

Ventrolateral prefrontal cortex

What is the medial part of the prefrontal cortex divided into?

Dorsomedial prefrontal cortex

Ventromedial prefrontal cortex

What are the structures of the parietal lobe are you able to see from lateral view?

Post central gyrus

Post central sulcus

Intraparietal sulcus

Superior parietal lobule

Inferior parietal lobule

What sulcus is located within the parietal lobe and separates the superior and inferior parietal lobules?

Intraparietal sulcus

What structures of the parietal lobe can be seen from the medial view?

Posterior paracentral lobule

Precuneus

Marginal branch of cingulate sulcus

Subparietal sulcus

What is the part of the post central gyrus that wraps inside called?

Posterior paracentral lobule

What are the three sulci around the Precuneus that can be seen from the medial view?

Marginal branch of cingulate sulcus

Parietooccipital sulcus

Subparietal sulcus

What are the functional areas of the parietal lobe?

primary somatosensory cortex

secondary somatosensory cortex

Where is the primary somatosensory cortex located?

postcentral gyrus of parietal lobe

What is the sensory homunculus?

Functional map of the primary somatosensory cortex with bigger areas for the hand and face

What is the function of of the primary somatosensory cortex?

Receives and identifies sensory information from the sensory neurons

What is the function of the secondary somatosensory area?

Analyzes sensory information

What structures of the temporal lobe are visible from the lateral view?

Temporal pole

Superior temporal sulcus

Inferior temporal sulcus

Superior temporal gyrus

Middle temporal gyrus

Inferior temporal gyrus

What is the front end of the temporal lobe called?

Temporal pole

What structures of the temporal lobe can be seen from the medial view?

Occipitotemporal sulcus

Occipital temporal gyrus (partial)

Collateral sulcus

What is another name for the occipitotemporal gyrus?

fusiform gyrus

What are the functional areas of the temporal lobe?

primary auditory cortex

Secondary auditory area

Wernicke's area

Middle temporal gyrus

Inferior temporal gyrus

What is the function of the primary auditory cortex?

receive and process auditory information

What area surrounds the primary auditory cortex?

Secondary auditory area

What is the function of the secondary auditory area?

Further analyzes auditory information

What is the function of wernickes area?

language comprehension

What is the function of the middle temporal gyrus?

Memory

What is the function of the inferior temporal gyrus?

Process a higher level of visual information

What structure of the occipital lobe can you see from the lateral view?

Lateral occipital gyri

What structures of the occipital lobe can be seen from the medial view,

Occipitotemporal gyrus (partial)

Lingual gyrus

Calcarine sulcus

Cuneus

What are the functional areas of the occipital lobe?

primary visual cortex

Secondary visual cortex

What is the function of the primary visual cortex?

receive and process visual information

What is the function of the secondary visual cortex?

Further analyzes visual information

What is the limb ox lobe primarily composed of?

Cingulate gyrus

Parahippocampal gyrus

Cingulate sulcus

Parahippocampal sulcus

What is the narrow area of the cingulate gyrus called?

Isthmus

What structure wraps around the hippocampus?

Parahippocampal gyrus

What system is the limbic lobe part of?

Limbic system

What is the region of the cerebral cortex buried deep within the lateral fissure called?

Insula

What 3 structures cover the insula?

Frontal operculum

Parietal operculum

Temporal operculum

What does operculum mean in Latin?

Lid

What is the main function of the insula?

Interoception (conscious awareness of body and sensation)

What are the C shaped cavities of the cerebrum?

Lateral ventricles

What are the 5 parts of the lateral ventricles?

Anterior horn (frontal)

Posterior horn (occipital

Body

Atrium (Trigone)

Inferior horn (temporal)

What is on the roof of the anterior horn and body of the lateral ventricles?

corpus callosum

What is the function of the corpus callosum?

connects the two hemispheres of the brain and allows the hemispheres to communicate with each other

What structure makes up the medial wall of the anterior horn of the lateral ventricles?

Septum pellucidum

What structure makes up the floor and medial wall of the inferior horn of the lateral ventricles?

Hippocampus

What is the narrow, slit shaped cavity called?

Third ventricle

What connects the lateral ventricles to the third ventricle?

interventricular foramen

What space is contained in the third ventricle?

Interthalamic adhesion

What percentage of people do not have the interthalamic adhesion?

10-20%

What channel connects the 3rd and 4th ventricle?

Cerebral aqueduct

Where is the most common site of ventricular obstruction?

Cerebral aqueduct

Where is the cerebral aqueduct located ?

Behind the midbrain

Where is the third ventricle located?

Within the diencephalon inferior to the corpus callosum

Where are the lateral ventricles located?

within cerebral hemispheres

Where is the fourth ventricle located?

between pons and cerebellum

What space does the fourth ventricle communicate with?

Subarachnoid space

How does the fourth ventricle communicate with the subarachnoid space?

Via 2 lateral and 1 median aperture

What is the central canal a continuation of?

4th ventricle

Where does the central canal run?

through the spinal cord

What are the characteristics of CSF?

Clear and colorless fluid

How much CSF is present in the adult CNS?

150 mL

How much CSF is located in the ventricles?

25 mL

Where is the majority of CSF located?

Subarachnoid soafe

How much CSF is produced per day?

500 mL/day (turned over 3-4x daily)

What are the functions of CSF

Provides buoyancy and and support for CNS

Assists in transport of nutrients

Removal of waste products

What are the highly vascular folded structures of the ventricles that produce CSF?

Choroid places